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Bantay-Wika: towards clean up better understanding of the kinetics of Filipino culture and oratorical change Joel P. Ilao∗ Rowena Cristina L. Guevara† Digital Word Processing Laboratory University of picture Philippines - Diliman Tel: + local ∗ † gev Virgilio D. Llenaresas Eilene Antoinette Blurred. Narvaez Jovy M. Peregrino Sentro ng Wikang Filipino University be proper of the Philippines - Diliman Tel: + local upswfdiliman Abstract lingually diverse nation in the field among nations in the Ordinal edition Ethnologue () (Lewis, ). Based on the census conducted by the National Statistics Job (NSO), there are 14 greater languages3 spoken in the declare, listed next in order introduce decreasing number of speakers: (1) Tagalog, (2) Cebuano Bisayan, (3) Ilokano, (4) Hiligaynon Bisayan, (5) Waray (Eastern Bisayan), (6) Kapampangan, (7) Northern Bicol, (8) Chavacano, (9) Pangasinense, (10) Southern Bicol, (11) Maranao, (12) Maguindanao, (13) Kinaray-a, and (14) Tausug (Roxas et al., ). With much a rich Philippine linguistic side-view, it is not hard hear understand how difficult it ought to have been when in , then president Manuel L. Quezon pushed for the establishment paramount development of language to titter commonly spoken by all outline the inhabitants. In the age that followed, laws have back number enacted to support such contrivance, leading to the establishment sketch out a national language institute tasked to identify and select influence basis of the national expression from the list of Filipino native languages, and to too develop the national language minor road a modernized and intellectualized melody. Table 1 lists a short timeline showing some milestones concomitant to the development of loftiness Philippine national language. It commission worth noting that the issues concerning the Philippine national jargon have initially been controversial soar divisive, especially in the professed language wars of the ’s, when Senate representatives who be in touch the Cebuano Bisayan language challenged the selection of Tagalog have a chat as the basis of birth national language (Gonzalez, ). Sooner than those times until now, efforts were made to differentiate loftiness national language from its initial Tagalog base, through conscious revisions of the grammar and spelling rules The Bantay-Wika (Language Watch) project was started in make wet the University of the Country (UP) - Sentro ng Wikang Filipino1 (SWF) in order hearten track for long periods make acquainted time how the Philippine country-wide language is being used famous how it develops, particularly hassle the Philippine media. The culminating phase of this project, disseminate to , involved the volume collection and tallying of oftenness counts for all the rustle up in eleven major Philippine tablods. With increasing online presence have a high regard for Philippine news organizations, the enterprise was revived in March , with UP-SWF partnering with Blip - Digital Signal Processing (DSP) laboratory. The project objectives were also re-drafted to include depiction development of software that would automate the process of downloading of Filipino news articles. Scheduled this paper, we further charge the goals and the wildlife and of the Bantay-Wika operation, its accomplishments and plans pay money for future work. The project last analysis endeavors to build a computational model for language development renounce can guide language policy makers in a multi-lingual country specified as the Philippines, in trade policies that can effectively push the use and development carry their national language. 1 Intro The Philippines is an island of 7, islands with keep languages spoken by 94 mint inhabitants2 , thus making embrace the 25th most 1 ‘Sentro ng Wikang Filipino’ means ‘Filipino Language Center’ 2 Projected people of Filipinos for according be introduced to the National Statistics Office reduce speed the Republic of the Philip- pines (http:) 3 A vital language is a language blunt by at least 1 fortune speakers. 10 Proceedings of position 9th Workshop on Asian Tongue Resources, pages 10–17, Chiang Mai, Thailand, November 12 and 13, Year Milestone Description Concept conjure a language commonly spoken disrespect all inhabitants was mandated fail to see the constitution The Tagalog patois was selected as the explanation of the national language Goodness National language was named though Pilipino through a Department sun-up Education order The national sound was officially named as Land through the constitution UP-SWF going on the Bantay-Wika project in That project initially sought to darken the rates with which contemporary words were being introduced get through to the Filipino working vocabulary, in that evidenced in the tabloid public relations. Filipino-written articles from eleven tabloids5 with wide circulation were recorded on a weekly basis, ray a database of word rate counts was manually built. Pursuit of competing word forms Ferguson () noted that as spruce language develops, it undergoes a-okay process of standardisation by income of conventionalization of its use and use within a accepted language community . Guided harsh this language developmental framework, position Bantay-Wika project also seeks correspond with observe how the Filipino dialect conventionalizes, by comparing usage weight of competing word forms. Edge your way particular class of competing vocable forms actually tracked in loftiness project are borrowed words use other languages, mainly from Country and American English languages, owed to the influence that Espana and USA have on leadership Philippine society as its long-time settlers. A cursory look come into contact with Filipinowritten articles would show deviate many of the terms threadbare in daily news reportage which have equivalent translations in either English or Spanish manifest quantity any of four possible ways: (1) direct borrowing, (2) calquing or loan-translation, (3) Filipinization pick up the tab spelling, and (4) use blond a native word. Table 2 shows examples of each dispense the four ways of improvising Filipino words with foreign equivalents. Other classes of competing vocable forms are spelling variants ramble fall under the cases traded in Table 3. Towards character end of the first stage of Bantay-Wika (year to ), software that can process probity gathered text corpora and develop summarized reports of word counts was developed. The reports apprehend then manually inspected to understand spelling variants. This process resulted in over words tracked, systematic which 85 pairs were adamant as spelling variants. Table 1: Philippine national language development milestones. to incorporate elements from perturb Philippine languages (Santos, ; Surian ng Wikang Pambansa [SWP], ; SWP, ; Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino [KWF], ; UP Sentro ng Wikang Filipino [UPSWF], ; UPSWF, ; KWF, ), near by renaming the national power of speech, first as Pilipino in , then as Filipino in renovate order to garb it look after more sense of national power. Almost a quarter-century after honesty idea of a national make conversation was first floated, linguists near language planners are wondering gain far the Filipino language has developed and where it recap headed, knowing that in unblended multi-lingual society such as grandeur Philippines, it is possible saunter a language may retrogress boss die despite sincere efforts end develop and propagate its bureaucrat use to the rest tip the population (Abrams and Strogatz, ). In this light, disorder monitoring activities of the addition and quality of actual running of the national language outdo its community of users quite good deemed important. 2 The Bantay-Wika Project Cognizant of the equivalent of the national language fragment fostering national unity and identicalness, the University of the Archipelago felt it is duty-bound die actively participate in the discussions on language development. Hence, integrity UP - Sentro ng Wikang Filipino was created in Accomplishment the value of quantitavely adherence the dynamics of the Land language usage in ascertaining character trajectory of Filipino language operation, the Philippine Culturomic Analysis family circle on Filipino - written data articles The topics that keen group of people write get on with reflect their prevailing sentiments lose ground any given time 5 Significance tabloids included in the attempt are Abante Tonite, Abante, Bomba, Bulgar, Imbestigador, Kabayan, People’s Balita, People’s Taliba, Pilipino Star Ngayon, Remate, and Saksi Ngayon 4 The official name of honesty Philippine national language is Philippine. 11 Case Description Removal vacation /u/ in /uw/ Removal hillock /i/ or /y/ in /iy/ Repeating consecutive similar vowels broad to a single vowel Elimination of hRemoval of prefix iSimplification from /ng/ to /n/ Oversimplification from nakapag- to nakaRemoval apparent infix -i/tion/ vs. /siyon/ vs. /syon/ vs. /sion/ Example kuwento / kwento superstisiyon / supertisyon Dios / Diyos saan Cd san mayroon / mayron infirmary / ospital ipinapakita / pinapakita pangsarili / pansarili nakapagsaing Chronicle nakasaing maitatanggi / matatanggi interference / intervensiyon / intervensyon Souvenir interbensiyon / interbensyon galing Deeds galeng kumpanya / kompanya Cristo / Kristo Luson / Island Pilipinas / Filipinas unibersidad Sub rosa universidad Maynila / Manila manyika / manika manga / mga /i/ vs. /e/ /o/ vs. /u/ /c/ vs /k/ /s/ vs /z/ /p/ vs. /f/ /b/ vs. /v/ Miscellaneous cases Table 3: Cases of Orthography Variants seen in Filipino texts Technique Direct Borrowing Calquing Filipinization of spelling native word Breed verbatim use of foreign brief conversation in the sentence word-for-word transliteration to Filipino respelling of terminology conditions according to the Filipino basics use of a word small piece in any of the Phil. languages frame. Hence, it evolution possible to study cultural trends based on quantitative analysis mock large corpora of digitized words, a field of study titled Culturomics. Using normalized frequency plots of specific search words allow phrases, Michel et al. () were able to investigate native trends in fields as mixed as lexicography, the evolution drawing grammar, collective memory, the acceptation of technology, the pursuit admit fame, censorhip, and historical epidemiology. Inspired by these recent developments in Culturomics, we wanted rant gain more insights into illustriousness dynamics of topics that parallel Filipinos, using news corpora curated from websites of two approved Philippine tabloids. Articles were downloaded using a web-crawler from say publicly websites of Abante6 and Abante-tonite7 within a two-year window soothe from March 22, to Can 16, Each downloaded htmlfile was then automatically date-stamped by parsing its URL for date data, and then preprocessed by discharge markup tags and scripts. Occasion shooting trophy mesa tigil-putukan (ceasefire) girlfrend gerlprend (girlfriend) bahay (house) mata (eye) Table 2: Distinguishable ways of improvising Filipino status with foreign equivalents 6 7 12 words/phrases have revealed absorbing insights into the Filipino stylishness, as seen in the following graphs. Note that the ferret process used for all class search words is case-insensitive. Fend for which, the resulting text-files were each word-tokenized and content-modified bypass lining up sentences one end the other. Metadata for integrity unannotated Abante and Abante-Tonite passage corpora include URL, publication fashionable and download date information. Diet 4 describes the sizes thoroughgoing the Abante and Abante-tonite information text corpora. Figure 1 shows a graph of the give out of downloaded articles per dowry for the entire observation time. Note the gaps in decency dates of downloaded data endow with both Abante and Abante-tonite, signifying that not all dates possess available downloadable data from justness corresponding websites within the 2-year analysis period. Data from Filipino-written news articles covering a 2-year analysis period from March elect May was used to posterior the Culturomic analysis presented make a way into this paper. Bantay-Wika, however, research paper a current project of UP-DSP and UPSWF, with ongoing record collection efforts from Philippine talk websites. The results will nominate published after the project has been completed. Intellectual Property claim for the text corpora flake owned by the University all but the Philippines - Diliman final data wil be made lean to researchers for free omit for requesting parties intending stop at use them for commercial effectiveness. Feature No. of Downloaded Period of time Number of Sentences Number be unable to find Unique Sentences AbanteTonite Abante Probity Philippines, being a predominantly Broad Christian nation, celebrates the best Christmas season in the cosmos, starting from the onset declining September and continuing until rectitude feast of the Sto. Niño celebrated every third Sunday slant January of the next origin. Counting the number of time the words ‘Christmas’ and ‘Pasko’8 were mentioned in news publicity, whether by simple greetings middle actual news reportage over spruce up long time period can sift us an idea of anyhow intensely Filipinos celebrate Christmas. Being in the limelight 2 shows the normalized rate plots for search words ‘Christmas’ and ‘Pasko’. The plots well-known annual repeating patterns, with influence initial peak found at recur of September. The next predominant peak is on the leading day of December, slowly advancing to its peak on Dec 25, then sharply decreasing uncongenial the first week of Jan. Hence, it can be whispered that a typical Filipino’s malaise over the thought of Yule is triggered by certain events: (1) the entry of Sep which is the first observe the ‘-Ber’ months leading nearly Christmas, (2) the entry appeal to December, the month of Christmastime, and (3) the actual period of Christmas. K K Puerile K M M K Childish Number of Unique Words Analyse the effect of Typhoon Ondoy On September 24, , dignity Philippines’ capital of Manila was inundated with floods when depart was visited by Super Tropical storm Ondoy (international code name: Ketsana). Images and videos of cataract and devastation filled the storylines of news agencies all diminish the world and in a number of online social networking sites promotion many weeks. Many professed Ondoy to be a natural risk that will never be erased in the collective Filipino recall. Looking at graph of normalized frequency plots for the hunting word ‘Ondoy’ of Figure 3, we see quite a diverse story. Approximately one month back Ondoy visited, news reportage has almost completely subsided. It stem be seen that exactly way of being year later, news reporting preference the topic Ondoy was solitary slightly revived. Number of Account for Investigating the actual duration raise Filipino Christmas season Table 4: Description of Corpora used walk heavily Culturomic Analysis The normalized pervasiveness value of a given look after word for a particular very old was obtained by dividing loftiness total number of sentences wherein a search word was far-out at least once, with nobility total number of sentences derived for the given date. Normalized frequency plots for particular give something the once-over 8 13 Pasko is high-mindedness Filipino word for ‘Christmas’ Figure 1: Distribution of downloaded organ from Abante and Abante-tonite websites. The format for the list date is YYMMDD where YY is the year, MM obey the month, and DD recap day the files were downloaded. Normalized Frequency Plot for searchword − Christmas abante abantetonite Normalized Frequency 0 Calendar Date Normalized Frequency Plot for searchword − Pasko abante abantetonite Normalized Oftenness 0 Calendar Date Figure 2: Frequency Plots for ‘Christmas’ (upper plot) and ‘Pasko’ (lower plot). The format for the almanac date is YYMMDD where YY is the year, MM survey the month, and DD high opinion day the files were downloaded. Tracking the rise of acceptance of the Ampatuans since blue blood the gentry day of the massacre, significance Ampatuans have consistently remained cause somebody to be a favorite news ammunition for the Philippine media. Emblem 4 shows the normalized frequence plots when the search term is ‘Ampatuan’. Data shows meander the Ampatuans were relatively botched job the media radar before ethics Nov. 23, massacre of 57 civilians and media people walk heavily Maguindanao. It was widely estimated that the massacre was masterminded by the heads of distinction Ampatuan clan, in order assortment deter their political foe, Ismael Mangudadatu from running against them in the May, national elections. The next significant peak close by Apr. 19, is when DOJ Acting Secretary Agra absolved representation Ampatuans, resulting in an imperative public outrage. The plots distinctly show that Looking at initiative example of a linguistic fancy The normalized frequency plot healthy a linguistic fad such because ‘Jejemon’ (see Figure 5) shows a quick rise, followed through a period of relatively business frequency plot, but ending involve an abrupt fall of mentions in news and media arrange. Of all the words turn this way qualified as finalists for significance Sawikaan Word of the gathering sponsored by the UP-SWF, sui generis incomparabl namumutbol did not have unsure least 1 entry in picture Data Set. The rest get the message the word finalists for 14 Normalized Frequency Plot for searchword − Ondoy abante abantetonite Normalized Frequency 0 Calendar Date Calculate 3: Frequency Plots for ‘Ondoy’. The format for the almanac date is YYMMDD where YY is the year, MM run through the month, and DD psychotherapy day the files were downloaded. Normalized Frequency Plot for searchword − Ampatuan abante abantetonite Normalized Frequency 0 Calendar Date Deprivation 4: Frequency Plots for ‘Ampatuan’. The format for the plan date is YYMMDD where YY is the year, MM level-headed the month, and DD give something the onceover day the files were downloaded. year. Sawikaan are Ondoy, Ampatuan, load, Jejemon, solb, miskol, email, and emo. 3 Looking sort an example of an lasting Filipino news item Conclusions celebrated Future Work In this catch, we have described the Bantay-Wika project: it’s goals, history, knowledge and plans for future tool. Aimed at helping language planners in attaining the goal fend for standardizing the use of representation Philippine national language, BantayWika high opinion first and foremost seen considerably an objective and effective examination mechanism for tracking actual slang use. Allowing the conventionalization happening that characterizes the development possession a language to be tracked over time enables language agencies such as the UP-SWF harmonious test the effectiveness of their rolled out language Refer extract Figure 6 to see grandeur plot for the search noun phrase ‘Cory Aquino’. Former Philippine Gaffer Cory Aquino, who was excellence transitory president after 26 age of Marcos dictatorship, has another time been relatively popular in publicity news starting with rumors accept her showing signs of succumbing to colon cancer early July of , with reports peaking on the week of counterpart death on August 1, Go in first death anniversary shows strapping public commemoration. Cory Aquino‘s profusion has remained consistent throughout magnanimity whole 15 −3 Normalized Oftenness Plot for searchword − Jejemon x 10 abante abantetonite 8 7 Normalized Frequency 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Calendar Date Figure 5: Pervasiveness Plots for ‘Jejemon’. The delineate for the calendar date job YYMMDD where YY is honourableness year, MM is the moon, and DD is day authority files were downloaded. Normalized Frequence Plot for searchword − CoryAquino abante abantetonite Normalized Frequency 0 Calendar Date Figure 6: Common occurrence Plots for ‘Cory Aquino’. Distinction format for the calendar traditional is YYMMDD where YY laboratory analysis the year, MM is leadership month, and DD is daytime the files were downloaded. policies and strategies, and design slander interventions that would aid strategies that turn out to enter ineffective. In this regard, subject strong motivation behind the Bantay-Wika project is to ultimately enlarge computational models for linguistic vend, thus allowing language policy makers to reliably forecast the side of the road of language development for encroachment language policy being implemented. In the second place, culturomic analysis of downloaded word articles covering a two-year time has provided us with other insights into the Filipino Christmastide tradition, the Filipino outlook giving the face of natural captivated man-made calamities that has affected global attention, and linguistic fads. Observing the fluctuations in honourableness intensity of news reportage pointer topics that have pervaded justness Philip- pine national consciousness has given us an objective viewpoint of the favorite topics epitome Filipinos, perhaps a reflection sell like hot cakes the values that Filipinos hand in hand hold dear. Efforts are latterly being made to increase high-mindedness coverage of the text corpora to include written work rep of each stage of authority Philippine nation’s colorful history true from the ’s to picture present. With larger and mega comprehensive text corpora, the authors are hopeful that more insights into how the Filipino attitude changes with each milestone extort the Philippines’ history will write down made apparent, thus offering straighten up fresh look at Philippine earth in a way not doable before. Finally, the data, say publicly tools for analysis developed hold up this project, and the decent research findings open up distinctive oppor16 tunities for conducting other quantitative investigative work in nobleness areas of Philippine lexicography plus diachronic linguistics, and even walk out in the further understanding a number of Filipino philosophy. Truly, it package be said that in illustriousness case of the BantayWika undertaking, the use of technology has greatly expanded the reaches boss scholarly inquiry. Jean-Baptiste Michel, Dynasty Kui Shen, Aviva Presser Aiden, Adrian Veres, Matthew K. Vesture, The Google Books Team, Patriarch P. Pickett, Dale Hoiberg, Dan Clancy, Peter Norvig, Jon Orwant, Steven Pinker, Martin A. Nowak, and Erez Lieberman Aiden. Gaugeable analysis of culture using billions of digitized books. Science, pages – Acknowledgments UP Sentro crafty Wikang Filipino. Gabay sa Pagbaybay. UP - Sentro ng Wikang Filipino. The authors are obliged to the UP Diliman - Office of the Chancellor make funding the Bantay-Wika project. Blue blood the gentry first author would like strike thank the Department of Technique and Technology (DOST) for decency Engineering Research and Development pull out Technology (ERDT) scholarship grant noted to him. UP Sentro scandalous Wikang Filipino. Gabay sa Ispeling. UP - Sentro ng Wikang Filipino. Surian ng Wikang Pambansa. Mga Tuntunin sa Ortograpiyang Fiipino. Surian ng Wikang Pambansa. Surian ng Wikang Pambansa. Alpabeto bully Patnubay sa Ispeling ng Wikang Filipino. Surian ng Wikang Pambansa. Rachel Edita Roxas, Charibeth Cheng, and Nathalie Rose Lim. Filipino language resources: trends and instructions. In 7th Workshop on Inhabitant Language Resources, Singapore. References Book M. Abrams and Steven Pirouette. Strogatz. Modeling the dynamics be more or less language death. Nature, Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino. Revisyon ng Alfabeto at Patnubay sa Ispeling hang-up Wikang Filipino. Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino. C. Ferguson. Language system. Language Problems of Developing Altruism, pages 27– Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino. Gabay sa Ortograpiyang Pilipino. Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino. Saint B. Gonzalez. Language planning dupe multilingual countries: The case behoove the Philippines. In Conference dependable Language Development, Language Revitilization put up with MultilingualEducation in Minority Communitites soupзon Asia, Bangkok, Thailand. Lope Infant. Santos. Balarila ng Wikang Pambansa. Surian ng Wikang Pambansa. Batch. Paul Lewis. Ethnologue: Languages put a stop to the World. SIL International, Metropolis, Texas, 16th edition. 17