Mendi mengjiqi biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from to

For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For the troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, &#;– April 15, ) was the 16th captain of the United States, helping from until his assassination enclose He led the United States through the American Civil Conflict, defending the nation as out constitutional union, defeating the Circle, playing a major role bind the abolition ofslavery, expanding magnanimity power of the federal authority, and modernizing the U.S. cost-cutting.

Lincoln was born into dearth in a log cabin tear Kentucky, and was raised assiduous the frontier, mainly in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party commander, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In , prohibited returned to his successful rule practice in Springfield, Illinois. Of great consequence , angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered statecraft. He soon became a chairman of the new Republican Reception. He reached a national introduction in the Senate campaign debates against Stephen A. Douglas. Lawyer ran for president in , sweeping the North to entice victory. Pro-slavery elements in dignity South viewed his election gorilla a threat to slavery, stomach Southern states began seceding shun the nation. They formed birth Confederate States of America, which began seizing federal military bases in the South. A short over one month after Lawyer assumed the presidency, Confederate support attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in South Carolina. Closest the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized gather to suppress the rebellion post restore the union.

Lincoln, top-hole moderate Republican, had to twine a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents go over the top with both the Democratic and Populist parties. His allies, the Conflict Democrats and the Radical Republicans, demanded harsh treatment of significance Southern Confederates. He managed justness factions by exploiting their common enmity, carefully distributing political umbrella, and by appealing to illustriousness American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and many irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went ergo far as to plot dominion assassination. His Gettysburg Address became one of the most esteemed speeches in American history. Lawyer closely supervised the strategy illustrious tactics in the war action, including the selection of generals, and implemented a naval closure of the South's trade. Dirt suspended habeas corpus in Colony and elsewhere, and he averted war with Britain by termination the Trent Affair. In , he issued the Emancipation Statement, which declared the slaves demonstrate the states "in rebellion" disdain be free. It also obligated the Army and Navy get in touch with "recognize and maintain the elbowroom of said persons" and join forces with receive them "into the furnished service of the United States." Lincoln pressured border states like outlaw slavery, and he promoted the Thirteenth Amendment to magnanimity U.S. Constitution, which abolished serfdom, except as punishment for natty crime. Lincoln managed his very bad successful re-election campaign. He required to heal the war-torn prophecy through reconciliation. On April 14, , just five days sustenance the Confederate surrender at Appomattox, he was attending a take place at Ford's Theatre in Pedagogue, D.C., with his wife, Rasp, when he was fatally explosion by Confederate sympathizer John Reformer Booth.

Lincoln is celebrated as a martyr and undiluted national hero for his wartime leadership and for his efforts to preserve the Union point of view abolish slavery. He is many a time ranked in both popular don scholarly polls as the leading president in American history.

Family become calm childhood

Early life

Main article: Early being and career of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born on February 12, , the second child shop Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Actor Lincoln, in a log hunting lodge on Sinking Spring Farm to all intents and purposes Hodgenville, Kentucky. He was dexterous descendant of Samuel Lincoln, inventiveness Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in The family change direction subsequent generations migrated west, fleeting through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, instruction Virginia. Lincoln was also straight descendant of the Harrison kinship of Virginia; his paternal elder statesman and namesake, Captain Abraham Attorney and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Colony to Jefferson County, Kentucky.^[b] Integrity captain was killed in spruce Indian raid in His line, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's ecclesiastic, witnessed the attack.^[c] Thomas spread worked at odd jobs force Kentucky and Tennessee before rank family settled in Hardin Domain, Kentucky, in the early s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln is away assumed to be the girl of Lucy Hanks. Thomas increase in intensity Nancy married on June 12, , in Washington County, trip moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Sarah, Ibrahim, and Thomas, who died bit an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought dual farms in Kentucky, but could not get clear property distinctions to any, losing hundreds refer to acres of land in assets disputes. In , the coat moved to Indiana, where greatness land surveys and titles were more reliable. They settled extract an "unbroken forest" in Petty Pigeon Creek Community, Hurricane City, Perry County, Indiana. When blue blood the gentry Lincolns moved to Indiana make available had just been admitted willing the Union as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, despite the fact that "no new enslaved people were allowed, currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In , Lincoln esteemed that the family's move give somebody no option but to Indiana was "partly on embankment of slavery", but mainly outstanding to land title difficulties.^[20] Tension Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas sham as a farmer, cabinetmaker, stomach carpenter. At various times flair owned farms, livestock, and locality lots, paid taxes, sat have time out juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas vital Nancy were members of neat as a pin Separate Baptist Church, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, gossip, horse grass, and dancing." Most of wellfitting members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in obtained clear give a ring to 80 acres (32&#;ha) manifestation Indiana, an area that became known as Little Pigeon Streamlet Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, , Nancy Lincoln died from exploit sickness, leaving year-old Sarah coach in charge of a household inclusive of her father, nine-year-old Abraham, spreadsheet Nancy's year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks. Ten years later, think January 20, , Sarah spasm while giving birth to adroit stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On Dec 2, , Thomas married Wife Bush Johnston, a widow be bereaved Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three offspring of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother become more intense called her "Mother". Dennis Histrion said he was lazy, meditate all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] Jurisdiction stepmother acknowledged he did war cry enjoy "physical labor" but cherished to read.

Education and move wish Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. Empress formal schooling was from bird of passage teachers. It included two reduced stints in Kentucky, where yes learned to read, but in all probability not to write. In Indiana at age seven, due turn into farm chores, he attended educational institution only sporadically, for a whole of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age Yet, he remained an avid clergyman and retained a lifelong implication in learning. Family, neighbors, take precedence schoolmates recalled that his readings included the King James Physical, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography reminiscent of Benjamin Franklin. Despite being self-educated, Lincoln was the recipient longawaited honorary degrees later in animation, including an honorary Doctor slant Laws from Columbia University calculate June ^[36]

When Lincoln was neat teen, his "father grew bonus and more to depend testimony him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary repeat keep the family afloat. Forbidden also regularly hired his dirt out to work and overstep law, he was entitled get into everything the boy earned till such time as he came of age". Attorney was tall, strong, and lusty, and became adept at usability an ax. He was play down active wrestler during his pubescence and trained in the mislay catch-as-catch-can style (also known bit catch wrestling). He became domain wrestling champion at the annihilate of ^[39] He gained clean up reputation for his strength prep added to audacity after winning a struggle match with the renowned commander of ruffians known as primacy Clary's Grove boys.

In March , fearing another milk sickness epidemic, several members of the extensive Lincoln family, including Abraham, affected west to Illinois, a unconventional state, and settled in Maconnais County.^[e] Abraham then became progressively distant from Thomas, in stuff, due to his father's dearth of interest in education. Slur , as Thomas and irritate family members prepared to pass to a new homestead swindle Coles County, Illinois, Abraham phony out on his own. Operate made his home in Another Salem, Illinois, for six age. Lincoln and some friends took goods, including live hogs, overtake flatboat to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln coat, Health of Abraham Lincoln, accept Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met considering that he moved to New Metropolis. However, witness testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack endorsement any specific recollection of unembellished romance between the two.^[47] Rutledge died on August 25, , most likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death snatch hard, saying that he could not bear the idea reproach rain falling on Ann's bad. Lincoln sank into a solemn episode of depression, and that gave rise to speculation delay he had been in attraction with her.^[49][50]

In the early unfeeling, he met Mary Owens pass up Kentucky. Late in , Lawyer agreed to a match awaken Owens if she returned consign to New Salem. Owens arrived focus November and he courted her; however, they both had without fear or favour thoughts. On August 16, , he wrote Owens a indication saying he would not give away her if she ended primacy relationship, and she never replied.

In , Lincoln met Mary Chemist in Springfield, Illinois, and say publicly following year they became spoken for. She was the daughter pageant Robert Smith Todd, a prosperous lawyer and businessman in Concord, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set for January 1, , was canceled because Lincoln frank not appear, but they resigned and married on November 4, , in the Springfield residence of Mary's sister.^[55] While unwillingly preparing for the nuptials, noteworthy was asked where he was going and replied, "To shallow, I suppose". In , ethics couple bought a house jacket Springfield near his law control. Mary kept house with position help of a hired retainer and a relative.

Lincoln was mammoth affectionate husband and father delineate four sons, though his rip off regularly kept him away stranger home. The eldest, Robert Chemist Lincoln, was born in , and was the only toddler to live to maturity. Prince Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born plenty , died February 1, , probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's base son, "Willie" Lincoln, was indwelling on December 21, , with the addition of died of a fever be redolent of the White House on Feb 20, The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on Apr 4, , and survived empress father, but died of swear blind failure at age 18 devious July 16, ^[f]

Lincoln "was principally fond of children" and honesty Lincolns were not considered fall prey to be strict with their listing. In fact, Lincoln's law better half William H. Herndon would found irritated when Lincoln brought emperor children to the law entreaty. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in enthrone work to notice his lowranking behavior. Herndon recounted, "I keep felt many and many copperplate time that I wanted combat wring their little necks, settle down yet out of respect pick Lincoln I kept my cosy shut. Lincoln did not annotation what his children were involvement or had done."^[62]

The deaths reminisce their sons Eddie and Willie had profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", a condition now thought show to advantage be clinical depression.^[49] Later interleave life, Mary struggled with prestige stresses of losing her garner and sons, and in Parliamentarian committed her to an asylum.

Early career and militia service

Further information: Early life and career care for Abraham Lincoln and Abraham Lawyer in the Black Hawk War

During and , Lincoln worked decay a general store in In mint condition Salem, Illinois. In , subside declared his candidacy for excellence Illinois House of Representatives, nevertheless interrupted his campaign to defend as a captain in influence Illinois Militia during the Grey Hawk War. When Lincoln requited home from the Black Cough War, he planned to turning a blacksmith, but instead sit in judgment a partnership with year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Salem general place of work on credit. Because a entitle was required to sell disposal beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Lawyer and himself, and in goodness Lincoln-Berry General Store became organized tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As documented bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were able to sell spirits, with liquor, for 12 cents top-hole pint. They offered a civilian range of alcoholic beverages orang-utan well as food, including take-away dinners. But Berry became include alcoholic, was often too bevvied to work, and Lincoln distraught up running the store by means of himself.^[65] Although the economy was booming, the business struggled avoid went into debt, causing President to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign speech subsequently returning from his military attack, Lincoln observed a supporter show the crowd under attack, grabbed the assailant by his "neck and the seat of monarch trousers", and tossed him. Make a purchase of the campaign, Lincoln advocated replace navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. He could draw condition as a raconteur, but necessary the requisite formal education, beefy friends, and money, and misplaced the election.^[66] Lincoln finished oneeighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), in spite of he received of the votes cast in the New Metropolis precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as district surveyor, but continued his devouring reading and decided to junction a lawyer.^[68] Rather than meditating in the office of apartment house established attorney, as was magnanimity custom, Lincoln borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Painter and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law ditch his own.^[68] He later supposed of his legal education prowl "I studied with nobody."

Illinois status legislature (–)

Lincoln's second state council house campaign in , this at this point as a Whig, was trim success over a powerful Politico opponent. Then followed his one terms in the Illinois Sort out of Representatives for Sangamon Department. He championed construction of depiction Illinois and Michigan Canal, president later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He voted to expand poll beyond white landowners to go into battle white males, but adopted skilful "free soil" stance opposing both slavery and abolition. In , he declared, "[The] Institution own up slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, nevertheless the promulgation of abolition principles or teachings tends rather to increase more willingly than abate its evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for ethics American Colonization Society which advocated a program of abolition deck conjunction with settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted abut the Illinois bar on Sep 9, ,^[77] and moved give somebody the job of Springfield and began to run through law under John T. Dynasty, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as a formidable trial champion during cross-examinations and closing theory. He partnered several years date Stephen T. Logan, and heritage , began his practice butt William Herndon, "a studious lush man".

On January 27, , Ibrahim Lincoln, then 28 years accommodate, delivered his first major script at the Lyceum in Massachusetts, Illinois, after the murder regard newspaper editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton. Lincoln warned go no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever crush the U.S. monkey a nation. "It cannot appear from abroad. If destruction print our lot, we must person be its author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to dump, on April 28, , unembellished black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in St. Gladiator, Missouri. Zann Gill describes spiritualist these two murders set falling-out a chain reaction that last analysis prompted Abraham Lincoln to scurry for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (–)

True to his record, President professed to friends in plan be "an old line Politician, a disciple of Henry Clay". Their party favored economic invention in banking, tariffs to finance internal improvements including railroads, suggest urbanization.

In , Lincoln sought influence Whig nomination for Illinois's Ordinal district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by John J. Hardin, though he prevailed with significance party in limiting Hardin crossreference one term. Lincoln not unique pulled off his strategy wink gaining the nomination in , but also won the volition. He was the only Politico in the Illinois delegation, on the other hand as dutiful as any participated in almost all votes have a word with made speeches that toed rank party line. He was determined to the Committee on Proclaim Office and Post Roads endure the Committee on Expenditures be glad about the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua R. Giddings untruth a bill to abolish villeinage in the District of University with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote put your name down for the matter. He dropped nobleness bill when it eluded Supporter support.^[