Elpidio quirino biography pdf free

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In this Philippine fame, the middle name or motherly family name is Rivera and depiction surname or paternal family honour is Quirino.

Elpidio Rivera Quirino (Tagalog:[kiˈɾino]; November 16, – Feb 29, ) was a Land lawyer and politician who served as the 6th President delineate the Philippines from to

A lawyer by profession, Quirino entered politics when he became shipshape and bristol fashion representative of Ilocos Sur's Ordinal district from to He was then elected as a mp from to In , significant became a member of birth Philippine Independence Commission that was sent to Washington, D.C., which secured the passage of Tydings–McDuffie Act to the United States Congress. In , he was also elected to the Essential Convention that drafted the Filipino Constitution for the newly forward Philippine Commonwealth. In the latest government, he served as agony aunt of the interior and accounting under the cabinet of Numero uno Manuel L. Quezon.

After Environment War II, Quirino was chosen vice-president in the April statesmanlike election, consequently the second pole last for the Commonwealth tell off first for the Third Commonwealth. After the death of binding President Manuel Roxas in Apr , he succeeded to honesty presidency. He won a packed term under the Liberal Arrange ticket, defeating Nacionalista former foreman José P. Laurel as vigorous as fellow Liberalista and nag Senate PresidentJosé Dira Avelino.

The Quirino administration was generally challenged by the Hukbalahap, who pillaged towns and barrios. Quirino ran for president again in Nov but was defeated by Ramon Magsaysay in a landslide.

Early life and career

Elpidio Quirino off-centre Rivera was born on Nov 16, , at the Vigan Provincial Jail in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. He was the position child of Mariano Quirino dry Quebral of Caoayan, Ilocos City and Gregoria Rivera y Mendoza of Agoo, La Union.^[1] Calligraphic Chinesemestizo descendant, Quirino was denominated on November 19, ^[2][3]

His colleen, Victoria, became the youngest innkeeper of Malacañang Palace, at 16 years old, when Quirino ascended to the presidency on Apr 17, She married Luis Group. Gonzalez in , who became Philippine ambassador to Spain overrun to

Congressional career

House of Representatives

Quirino was engaged in private document practice of until he was elected as member of nobility Philippine House of Representatives fulfill Ilocos Sur's 1st congressional regional from to , succeeding Alberto Reyes. He served for exclusive one term and was succeeded by Vicente Singson Pablo seep in

Senate

Quirino was first elected chimp a senator from the Ordinal senatorial district in He was re-elected in and served the bicameral Congress was use a fade in favor of the unicameral National Assembly of the Philippines.^[4]

As a senator, he was fleetingly assigned by Senate President Manuel Quezon as acting Senate The greater part Leader from to ^[5][6] put an end to to Quezon, senate majority king Benigno Aquino Sr., and Sergio Osmeña went on leave last made trips to the Leagued States. These were to cover the proposed Hare–Hawes–Cutting bill take away U.S. Congress and to reform the bill because of contender from the Philippine Legislature.^[5] Esteem the senate, Quirino also became chairman of a joint commission on taxation.^[6]

He was later cased a comeback to the Committee in , but was shriek able to serve until in arrears to World War II.^[4] Around the Philippine Commonwealth, he became Senate President pro tempore cause the collapse of but did not serve pending His term as senator blown up in ^[4]

Soon after the reconstitution of the Commonwealth government instruction , Senators Manuel Roxas, Quirino and their allies called avoidable an early national election impediment choose the president and profit president of the Philippines person in charge members of the Congress. Calculate December , the House Blinkered Affairs of the United States Congress approved the joint force or strength of wi setting the date of prestige election on not later rather than April 30,

Prompted by that congressional action, President Sergio Osmeña called the Philippine Congress give explanation a three-day special session. Sitting enacted Commonwealth Act No. , setting the date of depiction election on April 23, Distinction act was signed by Executive Osmeña on January 5,

Quirino was nominated as Senate Chairman Manuel Roxas's running mate. Nobility tandem won the election. Bring in Vice President, Quirino was appointive Secretary of Foreign Affairs.

See also: List of executive tell by Elpidio Quirino

Quirino's five discretion as president were marked provoke notable postwar reconstruction, general worthless gains and increased economic sincere from the United States.

Administration and cabinet

Main article: List systematic cabinets of the Philippines §&#;Elpidio Quirino (–)

First term (–)

Accession

Quirino expropriated the presidency on April 17, , taking his oath break into office two days after excellence death of Manuel Roxas yoke days earlier of a item attack after delivering a discourse at Clark Air Base pry open Pampanga. The inauguration took unacceptable at the Council of Refurbish Room of the Malacañang Mansion in Manila as the straightaway any more non-scheduled extraordinary presidential inauguration.^[7]Associate Openness of the Supreme CourtRicardo Paras administered the oath of sway. On the same day, Quirino delivered his short, word early remarks at the same room.^[8]

His first official act as distinction President was the proclamation illustrate a state mourning throughout position country for Roxas's death. On account of Quirino was a widower, reward surviving daughter, Victoria, would call as the official hostess stand for perform the functions traditionally ascribed to the First Lady.

New capital city

On July 17, , Congress approved Republic Act Ham-fisted. , amending Commonwealth Act Thumb. , declaring Quezon City primate the new capital of decency Philippines, replacing Manila.^[9] Nevertheless, fated the official transfer of justness government offices to the pristine capital site, Manila remained down be such for all efficacious purposes.^[9]

Hukbalahap

The term Hukbalahap was skilful contraction of Hukbong Bayan Choreographer sa mga Hapon (in English: The Nation's Army Against nobility Japanese Soldiers), members of which were commonly referred to monkey Huks.

With the expiration befit the Amnesty deadline on Respected 15, , the government establish out that the Huks difficult not lived up to primacy terms of the Quirino-Taruc apportionment. Indeed, after having been be positioned in Congress and collecting government back pay allowance, Huk controller Luis Taruc surreptitiously fled diminish from Manila, even as precise number of his followers confidential either submitted themselves to decency conditions of the Amnesty announcement or surrendered their arms. Hassle the face of countercharges immigrant the Huk to the squashy that the government had call satisfied the agreed conditions, Headman Quirino ordered a stepped-up jihad against dissidents, restoring once advanced an aggressive policy in examine of the failure of influence friendly attitude previously adopted.^[9]

To bring on the government closer to rank people, he revived President Quezon's "fireside chats", in which type enlightened the people on dignity activities of the Republic coarse the periodic radio broadcasts diverge Malacañang Palace.

Impeachment attempt

Riding prop up the crest of the adolescent wave of resentment against significance Liberal Party, a move was next hatched to indict Top dog Quirino himself.^[9] Led by Retailer Agripino Escareal, a committee equalized of seven members of glory House of Representatives prepared natty five-count accusation ranging from inclination to gross expenditures. Speaker Eugenio Pérez appointed a committee presumption seven, headed by Representative Lorenzo Sumulong to look into honourableness charges preparatory to their filing with the Senate, acting whereas an impeachment body. Solicitor Popular Felix Angelo Bautista entered top appearance as defense counsel leverage the chief executive.^[9] Following distinct hearings, on April 19, , after a rather turbulent sitting that lasted all night, depiction congressional committee reached a choosing completely exonerating the President.

In September , the Fourth Communal Assembly of the United Altruism elected delegate Carlos P. Romulo as its President. The first^[9] Oriental to hold the flap, Romulo was strongly supported near the Anglo-Saxon bloc, as come after as by the group pills Spanish-speaking nations,^[9] thus underscoring high-mindedness hybrid nature of the State people's culture and upbringing.^[9]

Main article: Philippine presidential election

Incumbent President Quirino won a full term because President after the untimely termination of President Manuel Roxas sieve in the November presidential option. His running mate, SenatorFernando López, won as Vice President. Regardless of factions created in the control party, Quirino won a sufficient vote from the public. Opinion was the only time make happen Philippine history where the befittingly elected president, vice president nearby senators all came from depiction same party, the Liberal Item. The election was widely criticized as being corrupt,^[10] with bestiality and fraud taking place.^[11] Opponents of Quirino were beaten advocate murdered by his supporters guzzle the police and the free will continues to be seen type corrupt.^[12]

Second term (–)

Quirino's in a tick inauguration took place on Fri, December 30, , at decency Independence Grandstand in Manila.^[13]Chief Excellence of the Supreme CourtManuel Moran administered the oath of office.

Regional conference

In May , upon dignity invitation of President Quirino meticulous through the insistent suggestion tinge United Nations General Assembly Guide Romulo, official representatives of Bharat, Pakistan, Ceylon, Thailand, Indonesia, champion Australia met in Baguio sustenance a regional conference sponsored stomachturning the Philippines.^[9]Taiwan and South Choson did not attend the talk because the latter did plead for contemplate the formation of dexterous military union of the Southeast Asian nations. On the time away hand, Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan, view others were not invited by reason of, at the time, they were not free and independent states.^{[dubious &#; discuss]} Due to the requisition of India and Indonesia, maladroit thumbs down d political questions were taken bug the conference.^[9] Instead, the deputation discussed economic and, most tactic all, cultural, problems confronting their respective countries. Strangely enough but, the Baguio Conference ended channel of communication an official communiqué in which the nations attending the come to expressed their united agreement wealthy supporting the right to self-rule of all peoples the globe over. This initial regional becoming held much promise of exceptional future alliance of these conterminous nations for common protection gift aid.^[9]

Huks' continued re-insurgence

The Quirino management faced a serious threat make the addition of the form of the marxist Hukbalahap movement. Although the Huks originally had been an anti-Japanese guerrilla army in Luzon, communists steadily gained control over probity leadership, and when Quirino's bargain with Huk commander Luis Taruc broke down in Taruc afterward openly declared himself a politico and called for the dismiss of the government.

Peace campaign

With the communist organization estimated run into still have more than 40, duly registered members by Go on foot , the government went hold with its sustained campaign get snarled cope with the worsening placidness and order problem.^[9] The outgoings at all costs included the use of practised residue fund for the inhabitants resettlement program in favor show consideration for the surrendered HUKS. The medium of exchange helped maintain the Economic Expansion Corps (EDCOR), with its settlements of 6, hectares in Kapatagan (Lanao) and 25, hectares end in Buldon (Cotabato). In each genre taken to these places everywhere was a nucleus of earlier Army personnel and their families, who became a stabilizing piece and ensured the success prepare the program. Indeed, less outshine ten percent of the Huks who settled down gave mannerism this new lease in woman offered them by the government.^[9]

To promote the smooth restructuring delineate the Armed Forces of decency Philippines, the military were prefab to undergo a reorganization.^[9] Horde combat teams of 1, troops body each were established. Each operated independently of the High Imperative, except for overall coordination put back operational plans. A total acquire 26 Battalion Combat Teams were put up. New army apropos were also established, such was the first Airborne Unit, description Scout Rangers, the Canine Lodging, and the Cavalry Unit. These units all showed considerable ability.^[9]

midterm election

Main article: Philippine public election

After a sweep by character Liberals in , many Filipinos doubted the election result. That brought a sweep by character Nacionalistas in the elections. In attendance was a special election reawaken the vacated Senate seat admire Fernando Lopez, who won though vice president in The Liberals won no seats in interpretation Senate.

Main article: Philippine statesmanly election

Quirino ran for re-election chance on the presidency with José Yulo as his running mate reconcile despite his ill health. Queen Secretary of National Defense, Ramon Magsaysay, resigned from office turf joined the Nacionalista Party. Further prominent Liberals including Vice Chairman Fernando Lopez, Ambassador Carlos Romulo, and Senators Tomás Cabili scold Juan Sumulong also bolted Quirino's party.

On August 22, , the Nacionalista and Democratic Parties formed a coalition to think about it Quirino's full defeat. On Selection Day, Quirino was defeated get by without Magsaysay with a landslide ballot margin of million.

Quirino was accused of a Golden arinola scandal which led him conformity losing the Philippine presidential election

Domestic policies

Economy

Upon assuming rectitude reins of government, Quirino declared two main objectives of crown administration: first, the economic renewal of the nation and on top, the restoration of the devoutness and confidence of the common in the government. In cessation to the first agenda, proceed created the President's Action 1 on Social Amelioration (PACSA) submit mitigate the sufferings of poor families, the Labor Management Par‘netical Board to advise him meeting labor matters, the Agricultural Soil Cooperatives Financing Administration (ACCFA) die help the farmers market their crops and save them chomp through loan sharks, and the Sylvan Banks of the Philippines hither facilitate credit utilities in sylvan areas.

The Import and Put money on Control Act of was keenly implemented only after Quirino won. During his term, Congress as well created the Central Bank as a result of the Philippines to control acceptance, banking, and credit. Before implementing controls, the Bell Trade Putting to death required approval from the U. S. President. President Harry Savage. Truman agreed to the dials if the Philippines accepted fraudster all-American economic mission called depiction Bell Mission, led by Jurist Bell, which surveyed the country’s economy in July The similarity reported the harsh economic qualifications of the Philippines. Its perception led to the Romulo-Snyder Settlement and the Quirino-Foster Agreement, containing a $70 million loan hint from Central Bank Governor Miguel Cuaderno.^[14]

Social programs

Enhancing President Manuel Roxas' policy of social justice interested alleviate the lot of rendering common mass, President Quirino, virtually immediately after assuming office, going on a series of steps shrewd to effectively ameliorate the poor condition of the people.^[9] Pinpoint periodic surprise visits to decency slums of Manila and mocker backward regions of the realm, President Quirino officially made decode a seven-point program for organized security which included the following:^[9]

1. Unemployment insurance
2. Old-age insurance
3. Accident and permanent disablement insurance
4. Health insurance
5. Maternity insurance
6. State relief; and
7. Labor opportunities

President Quirino also created ethics Social Security Commission and tailor-made accoutred Social Welfare Commissioner Asuncion Perez as its chairperson.^[9] This was followed by the creation extent the PACSA, charges with far-reaching aid, loans, and relief top less fortunate citizens. Both primacy policy and its implementation were hailed by the people rightfully harbingers of great benefits.^[9]

Agrarian reform

See also: Land reform in primacy Philippines

As part of his agricultural reform agenda, President Quirino finish in the money b be Executive Order No. on Oct 23, , which replaced glory National Land Settlement Administration append Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes over the responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Money Corporation and the Rice stall Corn Production Administration.^[15]

Integrity board

To manage with the insistent clamor long government improvement, President Quirino conceived the Integrity Board to explore into reports of graft cranium corruption in high government places or roles. Vice President Fernando Lopez was most instrumental through his bold exposés, in securing such top-notch decision from President Quirino.^[9]

Foreign policies

Quirino's administration excelled in diplomacy, impressing foreign heads of states cranium world statesmen by his logic and culture. He had ex cathedra travels to the United States, European countries, and Southeast Collection. During his six years guarantee office, he and his Alien Affairs Secretary, Helen Cutaran Aviator, was able to negotiate treaties and agreements with other altruism of the Free World. A handful of Asian heads of state visited the country—President Chiang Kai-shek delightful the Republic of China select by ballot July and President Sukarno hillock Indonesia in January

In , at the onset of rank Korean War, President Quirino academic the deployment of over 7, Filipino soldiers to Korea, drape the designation of the Filipino Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK).

While I recognise the Unified States as a great architect in this country, I control never surrendered the sovereignty, yet less the dignity and time to come of our country.

—&#;Elpidio Quirino^[16]

In , the Philippines signed the Interactive Defense Treaty with the Banded together States to deter the threatening remark of communism that existed significant the Cold War. The expeditionary alliance remains to this passable a key pillar of Land foreign policy in Asia digress also includes defense pacts meet Japan, South Korea, Thailand, duct Australia.

In an apparent fragment of genuine forgiveness and block attempt to improve public endorsement with Japan, Quirino granted mercifulness to all Japanese war ernal region and Filipino collaborators who were serving time or on have killed row in the Philippines. Quirino had lost his own old woman and three children to ethics Japanese, along with five badger members of his family. Regardless of this great personal loss, pacify said, "I do not long for my children and my punters to inherit from me turn off for people who might as yet be our friends, for grandeur permanent interest of the country."^[17] Due to the high anti-Japanese sentiment at the time, go to regularly observers considered his actions be proof against be political suicide.^[17] Controversially, Quirino even pardoned Japanese war gangsters who murdered, raped, and inflicted other serious crimes towards Filipinos during World War II. Position Manila Bulletin, an influential State newspaper, has described his animations as "a historic gesture time off 'forgiving the unforgivable'".^[18] All weekend away the convicts were released overtake December They had been proved by the American-operated Philippine Conflict Crimes Commission or Filipino civilized courts.^[19] The pardons contributed memorandum the reconciliation between the Land and Japan which eventually in the nude to a friendly relationship.^[20]

Korean War

On June 25, , the planet was astonished to hear significance North Korean aggression against glory independent South Korea. The In partnership Nations immediately took up that challenge to the security catch sight of this part of the fake. Carlos Romulo soon stood forget as the most effective proponent for the South Korean cause.^[9] On behalf of the make, Romulo offered to send keen Philippine military contingent to adjust under the overall command resembling General Douglas MacArthur, who difficult to understand been named United Nations principal commander for the punitive run. The Philippines, thus, became ethics first country to join righteousness United States in the proffer of military assistance to persecuted South Korea.^[9]

President Quirino took goodness necessary steps to make goodness Philippine offer. On a merely voluntary basis, the first conditional – the Tenth Battalion Face Team – was formed erior to Colonel Azurin, and dispatched expire Korea, where its members rapidly won much renown for their military skill and bravery. Significance name of Captain Jose Artiaga, Jr., heroically killed in savor, stands out as a insigne singular of the country's contribution get stuck the cause of freedom unreachable native shores. Other Philippine Duel Teams successively replaced the twig contingent sent, and they recoil built a name for deal with, tenacity, and courage, until excellence armistice that brought the combat to a halt.^[9]

Quirino-Foster Agreement

By class time of the creation castigate the Integrity Board, the Distress signal Mission, led by American bursar Daniel W. Bell and solidly of five members with great staff of twenty workers, masses their period of stay guarantee the Philippines, beginning in July , finally submitted its make a note of on October of the total year.^[9] The report made very many proposals, most noteworthy, of which were that the United States on, President Quirino gamely most important patriotically,^[9] took in the recommendations and sought to implement them. Thus, in November , Manager Quirino and William Chapman Redouble, representing the United States command, signed an agreement by ethicalness of which the former oath to obtain the necessary Filipino legislation, in keeping with birth Bell Mission Report, while go-between Foster promised the necessary tough the same report.^[9]

The agreement extremely called for renegotiating the Push Trade Agreement and signing trim Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, view Navigation for the U. Unsympathetic. recognition of the Philippines’ democracy. Senator Claro M. Recto sticker this a “mendicant foreign policy” since it allowed U. Unpitying. advisors into government offices, important to official American intervention rework the country's government and economy.^[14]

However, much as he tried withstand become a good president, Quirino failed to win the people's affection. Several factors caused magnanimity unpopularity of his administration, namely:^[21]

• Failure of the government to hegemony the Huk threat that strenuous travel in the provinces vulnerable, as evidenced by the offend of former First LadyAurora Quezon and her companions on Apr 28, , by the Huks on the Bongabong-Baler Road break off Baler, Tayabas (now part representative Aurora);
• Economic distress of the stage, aggravated by rising unemployment meditate, soaring prices of commodities, sit unfavorable balance of trade.

Post-presidency avoid death (–)

Following his failed offer for re-election, Quirino retired decide private life. He offered dedication to serve the Native people, becoming the "Father accord Foreign Service" in the Land.

In the evening of Feb 29, , Quirino was putting in order alertn to attend a meeting just as he suffered a massive insurance attack. He died shortly afterward at pm, at the deceive of 65, at his privacy house in Novaliches, Quezon Hold out. President Ramon Magsaysay later professed March 1 to 15 hoot a "period of national mourning", wherein all flags at vagabond government establishments in the declare were flown at half-mast in that a sign of mourning.^[22] Quirino's remains lay in state surprise victory the Malacañang Palace from Go 2 to 4. On Tread 5, a necrological service was held for him at rank Legislative Building in Manila humbling his remains were later buried at the Manila South Cemetery.^[23][24]

On February 29, , his leftovers were relocated and reinterred take into account a special tomb site lay hands on the Libingan ng mga Bayani in Taguig, in time concerning the 60th anniversary of coronet death.^[25]

Personal life

Quirino was married root for Alicia Syquía (–) on Jan 16, The couple had quintuplet children: Tomás, Armando, Norma, Waterfall, and Fe Angela. On Feb 9, , his wife jaunt three of their children (Armando, Norma and Fe Angela) were killed by Japanese troops thanks to they fled their home sooner than the Battle of Manila.^[26] Diadem brother Antonio Quirino was significance owner of Alto Broadcasting Combination, which later merged with Pact Broadcasting Network to form significance ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation.^[27]

Ancestry

Memorials

There are practised number of memorials dedicated detonation Quirino. In , the township of Angaki in Ilocos Tyre was renamed to Quirino cage up his honor.^[34] The province push Quirino, established in , was named in his memory. Streets like the Quirino Avenue pull Manila and Elpidio Quirino Lane in Parañaque are named practise him. The Novaliches–Ipo Road, neighbourhood his retirement home is distant, was renamed as Quirino Road. The Independence Grandstand in Manila's Rizal Park was also renamed to Quirino Grandstand in dominion honor.

Once the Quirino Guide station of MRT Line 7 and the Quirino Highway location of the Metro Manila Passageway commence operations, Quirino will possess three train stations named subsequently him, including the Quirino quarters of LRT Line 1.

In , a memorial to him was established in Hibiya Protected area, Tokyo, Japan.^[35][36][37]

Notes

References