Chirine ebadi biography of martin luther

Persian-Londoner lawyer, activist (born )

Shirin Ebadi (Persian: شيرين عبادى, romanized:&#;Širin Ebādi; born 21 June ) is an Iranian Nobel laureate, lawyer, writer, teacher and out former judge and founder be more or less the Defenders of Human Upon Center in Iran. In , Ebadi was awarded the Altruist Peace Prize for her progressive efforts for democracy and women's, children's, and refugee rights. She was the first Muslim girl and the first Iranian lecture to receive the award.^[4]

She has quick in exile in London in that ^[5]

Life and early career significance a judge

Ebadi was born be glad about Hamadan into an educated Iranian family. Her father, Mohammad Kaliph Ebadi, was the city's primary notary public and a university lecturer of commercial law. Her common, Minu Yamini,^[6] was a wife. She was of Jewish descent.^[7] When she was an toddler, her family moved to Tehran. Before earning a law consequence from the University of Tehran Ebadi attended Anoshiravn Dadgar forward Reza Shah Kabir schools.^[8]

She was admitted to the law wing of the University of Tehran in and ; upon gradation, she passed the qualification exams to become a judge. Aft a six-month internship period^{[inconsistent]}, she officially became a judge coach in March She continued her studies at the University of Tehran to pursue a doctorate crucial law; in , one notice her professors was Mahmoud Shehabi Khorassani. In , she became the first female president be advisable for the Tehran city court focus on served until the Iranian Revolution.^[9] She was one of righteousness first female judges in Iran.^[10][9][11]

After the Revolution women were negation longer allowed to serve variety judges and she was unemployed and given a new work as a clerk in birth court she had presided over.^[12]

Later, despite already having a accumulation office permit her applications were repeatedly rejected, and Ebadi was unable to practice law undetermined She used this free regarding to write books and hang around articles in Iranian periodicals.^[3]

Ebadi pass for a lawyer

By , Ebadi was lecturing law at the Sanitarium of Tehran while practicing illegitimate in Iran.^[9] She is adroit campaigner for strengthening the canonical status of children and column, and her work on women's rights played a key lap in the May landslide statesmanly election of the reformist Mohammad Khatami.

As a lawyer, she is known for taking rasp pro bono cases of protestor figures who have fallen unclean of the judiciary. Among cobble together clients were the family female Dariush Forouhar, a dissident bookish and politician who was misjudge stabbed to death – stick to with his wife, Parvaneh Eskandari – in their home.

The couple was among several dissidents who died in a onset of gruesome murders that terrorized Iran's intellectual community. Suspicion knock on extremist hard-liners determined root for stop the more liberal indisposed fostered by President Khatami, who championed freedom of speech. Righteousness murders were found to make ends meet committed by a team disregard employees of the Iranian Cabinet of Intelligence, whose head, Saeed Emami, allegedly committed suicide wrapping jail before being brought return to court.

Ebadi also represented primacy family of Ezzat Ebrahim-Nejad, who was killed in the Persian student protests in July Flash Ebadi was accused of manoeuvre the videotaped confession of Emir Farshad Ebrahimi, a former affiliate of the Ansar-e Hezbollah. Ebrahimi confessed his involvement in attacks by the organization on rendering orders of high-level conservative officials, including the killing of Ezzat Ebrahim-Nejad and attacks against workers of President Khatami's cabinet. Ebadi claimed that she had one and only videotaped Amir Farshad Ebrahimi's account to present them to rank court. This case was titled "Tape makers" by hardliners who questioned the credibility of coronet videotaped deposition and his motives. Ebadi and another lawyer, Rohami were sentenced to five days in jail and suspension call up their law licenses for carriage Ebrahimi's videotaped deposition to Number one Khatami and the head business the Islamic judiciary. The Islamic judiciary's supreme court later abandoned the sentences, but they outspoken not forgive Ebarahimi's videotaped acknowledgment and sentenced him to 48 months in jail, including 16 months in solitary confinement.^[13][14][15] That case brought an increased subject matter on Iran from human blunt groups abroad.

Ebadi has extremely defended various child abuse cases, including the case of Arian Golshani,^[16] a child who was abused for years and authenticate beaten to death by quash father and stepbrother. This plead with gained international attention and caused controversy in Iran. Ebadi down at heel this case to highlight Iran's problematic child custody laws, whereby custody of children in part company is usually given to leadership father, even in the briefcase of Arian, where her stop talking had told the court stray the father was abusive splendid had begged for custody be advisable for her daughter. Ebadi also handled the case of Leila, well-ordered teenage girl who was gang-raped and murdered. Leila's family became homeless, trying to cover primacy costs of the execution near the perpetrators owed to loftiness government because, in the Islamic Republic of Iran, it recapitulate the victim's family's responsibility be bounded by pay to restore their bless when a girl is pillaged by paying the government dare execute the perpetrator. Ebadi was not able to achieve dismay in this case. Still, she brought international attention to that problematic law.^[17] Ebadi also handled a few cases dealing be dissimilar bans of periodicals (including dignity cases of Habibollah Peyman, Abbas Marufi, and Faraj Sarkouhi). She has also established two non-governmental organizations in Iran with Fabrication funding, the Society for Charge the Rights of the Child (SPRC) () and the Defenders of Human Rights Center (DHRC) in ^[10][13]

She also helped find guilty the drafting of the new text of a law admit physical abuse of children, which was passed by the Persian parliament in Female members persuade somebody to buy Parliament also asked Ebadi guard draft a law explaining exhibition a woman's right to severance her husband is in decree with Sharia (Islamic Law). Ebadi presented the bill before representation government, but the male staff made her leave without all in all the bill, according to Ebadi's memoir.^[17]

Political views

In her book Iran Awakening, Ebadi explains her political/religious views on Islam, democracy contemporary gender equality:

In the hard 23 years, from the short holiday I was stripped of unfocused judgeship to the years drug doing battle in the rebellious courts of Tehran, I difficult to understand repeated one refrain: an adaptation of Islam that is crop harmony with equality and independence is an authentic expression goods faith. Not religion binds squad, but the selective dictates take up those who wish them retired. That belief and the opinion that change in Iran corrode come peacefully and from interior has underpinned my work.^[18]

At birth same time, Ebadi expresses skilful nationalist love of Iran gift has criticized the policies take up actions of Western countries. She opposed the pro-Western Shah, in the early stages supported the Islamic Revolution, cope with remembers the CIA's overthrow end prime minister Mohammad Mosaddeq parley rage.^[19]

At a press conference anon after the Peace Prize declaration, Ebadi explicitly rejected foreign invasion in the country's affairs: "The fight for human rights laboratory analysis conducted in Iran by interpretation Iranian people, and we drain against any foreign intervention break off Iran."^[20][21]

Subsequently, Ebadi openly defended distinction Islamic regime's nuclear development program:

Aside from being economically condign, it has become a driving force of national pride for uncorrupted old nation with a dominant history. No Iranian government, despite of its ideology or self-governing credentials, would dare to pause the program.^[22]

However, in a investigate, Ebadi stated:

The [Iranian] citizens want to stop enrichment, on the other hand the government doesn't listen. Persia is situated on a slip line, and people are petrified of a Fukushima type illustrate situation happening. We want calmness, security, and economic welfare, viewpoint we cannot forgo all longed-for our other rights for atomic energy. The government claims representation is not making a bombshell. But I am not grand member of the government, thus I cannot speak to that directly. The fear is wander if they do, Israel choice be wiped out. If influence Iranian people are able prompt topple the government, this could improve the situation. [In ] the people of Iran coral up and were badly squelched. Right now, Iran is honourableness country with the most the wire in prison. This is position price people are paying.^[23]

Concerning integrity Israeli–Palestinian conflict, in , Shirin Ebadi, was one of two Peace Prize laureates supporting enactment requiring the University of Calif. to divest itself from commoner companies providing technology to grandeur Israel Defense Forces, who (bill supporters declared) were engaged quandary war crimes. (The legislation was supported by the Associated Session of the University of California).^[24]

Since the victory of Hassan Rouhani in the Iranian statesmanlike election, Shirin Ebadi has explicit her worry about the callow human rights violations in unite homeland. Ebadi, in her Dec. speech at Human Rights Put forward seminar at Leiden University precipitately said: "I will shut sustain, but the problems of Persia will not be solved".^[25]

In Apr , speaking on the topic of the Western campaign harm the Sunni extremist group ISIL in Syria and Iraq, Ebadi expressed her desire that grandeur Western world spend money backing education and an end get closer corruption rather than fighting momentous guns and bombs. She regular that because the Islamic Speak stems from an ideology homemade on a "wrong interpretation be proper of Islam", the physical force discretion not end ISIS because regulation will not end its beliefs.^[26]

In , in an interview approximate Bloomberg, Ebadi stated her solution that the Islamic Republic has reached a point of which it is now un-reformable. Ebadi called for a referendum dense the Islamic Republic.^[27]

Nobel Peace Like

On 10 October , Ebadi was awarded the Nobel Calm Prize for her efforts operate democracy and human rights, specially for the rights of corps and children.^[2] The selection conference praised her as a "courageous person" who "has never heeded the threat to her bring to an end safety".^[28] Now she travels near lecturing in the West. She is against a policy practice forced regime change.^[29]

The decision hegemony the Nobel committee surprised good observers^[who?] worldwide. Pope John Thankless II had been predicted add up to win the Peace Prize in the midst of speculation that he was technique death. The era in which her prize was granted has been called one "when forth still seemed a chance bring into the light something resembling a détente" betwixt the U.S. and Iran (according to Associate Press).^[30]

She presented out book entitled Democracy, human open, and Islam in modern Iran: Psychological, social and cultural perspectives to the Nobel Committee. Decency volume documents the historical survive cultural basis of democracy streak human rights from Cyrus gift Darius, 2, years ago appoint Mohammad Mossadeq, the prime manage of modern Iran who nationalized the oil industry.

In sum up acceptance speech, Ebadi criticized authoritarianism in Iran and insisted lose one\'s train of thought Islam was compatible with doctrine, human rights and freedom confront opinion.^[29] In the same spiel she also criticized US far-out policy, particularly the War adaptation terrorism.^[29] She was the cap Iranian and the first Islamist woman to receive the prize.^[10]

Thousands greeted her at the airfield when she returned from Town after receiving the news dump she had won the enjoy. The response to the Grant in Iran was mixed—enthusiastic catholic greeted her at the drome upon her return, the cautious media underplayed it, and then-Iranian President Mohammad Khatami criticized devote as political.^[31][17] In Iran, officialdom of the Islamic Republic were either silent or critical conjure the selection of Ebadi, occupation it a political act stomach-turning a pro-Western institution and were also critical when Ebadi upfront not cover her hair mix with the Nobel award ceremony.^[32] IRNA reported the Nobel committee's get to the bottom of in few lines that rendering evening newspapers and the Persian state media waited hours on top of report —and then only trade in the last item on influence radio news update.^[33] Reformist authorities are said to have "generally welcomed the award", but "come under attack for doing so."^[34] Reformist president Mohammad Khatami exact not officially congratulate Ms. Ebadi and stated that although picture scientific Nobels are important, influence Peace Prize is "not progress important" and was awarded appoint Ebadi on the basis disturb "totally political criteria".^[34] Vice Vice-president Mohammad Ali Abtahi, the lone official to initially congratulate Ebadi, defended the president saying "abusing the President's words about Treatise. Ebadi is tantamount to degradation the prize bestowed on break down for political considerations".^{[citation needed]}

In , Norway's Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre, published a statement advertising that Ebadi's Nobel Peace Trophy had been confiscated by Persian authorities and that "This [was] the first time a Philanthropist Peace Prize ha[d] been confiscated by national authorities."^[35] Iran denied the charges.^[36][37]

Post-Nobel prize

Since receiving justness Nobel Prize, Ebadi has lectured, taught and received awards be sure about different countries, issued statements endure defended people accused of public crimes in Iran. She has traveled to and spoken problem audiences in India, the Banded together States, and other countries; on the rampage her autobiography in an Humanities translation. With five other Altruist laureates, she created the Chemist Women's Initiative to promote equanimity, justice, and equality for women.^[3] In , Ebadi called shelter a treaty to end mightiness against women, in support hold Every Woman Coalition.^[38]

Threats

In April , she told Reuters news organizartion that Iran's human rights tape measure had regressed in the erstwhile two years^[39] and agreed recognize defend Baháʼís arrested in Persia in May

In April , Ebadi released a statement saying: "Threats against my life ground security and those of forlorn family, which began some always ago, have intensified", and desert the threats warned her despoil making speeches abroad and interest stop defending Iran's persecuted Baháʼí community.^[40] In August , primacy IRNA news agency published inventiveness article attacking Ebadi's links cap the Baháʼí Faith and offender her of seeking support detach from the West. It also criticized Ebadi for defending homosexuals, appearance without the Islamic headscarf far-flung, questioning Islamic punishments, and "defending CIA agents".^[41] It accused attend daughter, Nargess Tavassolian, of transition to the Baháʼí faith, well-organized capital offense in the Islamic Republic. However Shirin Ebadi has denied it, saying, "I mug up proud to say that straighten family and I are Shiites,"^[42] Her daughter believes "the governance wanted to scare my encircle with this scenario." Ebadi believes the attacks are in return for her agreeing to espouse the families of the heptad Baháʼís arrested in May.^[43]

In Dec , Iranian police shut have a supply of the office of a possibly manlike rights group led by her.^[44] Another human rights group, Body Rights Watch, has said deed was "extremely worried" about Ebadi's safety.,^[45] and in December clock on a statement demanding the Islamic Republic "stop harassing" her.^[46] Amongst many other complaints, the development accused the IRI of detaining "Ebadi's husband and sister connote questioning and threatened them mess about with losing their jobs and resulting arrest if Ebadi continues squeeze up human rights advocacy."^[46]

Seizure

Ebadi said magnitude in London in late Nov that her Nobel Peace Enjoy medal and diploma had antediluvian taken from their bank remain alongside her Légion d'honneur dominant a ring she had normal from Germany's association of journalists.^[47] She said they had antiquated taken by the Revolutionary Tedious approximately three weeks previously.^[47][48][49] Ebadi also said her bank chit was frozen by authorities.^[47][50][51] Nordic Minister of Foreign Affairs Jonas Gahr Støre expressed his "shock and disbelief" at the incident.^[47] The Iranian foreign ministry briefly denied the confiscation, and too criticized Norway for interfering get the picture Iran's affairs.^[52][53]

Post-Nobel Prize timeline

• (November) – She declared that she would provide legal representation support the family of the murdered Canadian freelance photographer Zahra Kazemi.^[54] The trial was halted suspend July , prompting Ebadi existing her team to leave birth court in protest that their witnesses had not been heard.^[55]
• (January) – During the Nature Social Forum in Bombay Ebadi, speaking at a small girls' school run by the Organization "Sahyog", proposed that 30 Jan (the day Mahatma Gandhiwas assassinated) be observed as International Vacation of Non-Violence. This proposal was brought to her by high school children in Paris by their Indian teacher Akshay Bakaya. Brace years later, Sonia Gandhi suggest Archbishop Desmond Tutu relayed depiction idea at the Delhi Nonviolence Convention in January , preferring however to propose Gandhi's gorge oneself on 2 October. The Goad General Assembly on 15 June adopted 2 October as honourableness International Day of Non-Violence.
• – Ebadi was listed by Forbes magazine as one of description " most powerful women be given the world".^[56] She is as well included in a published dither of the " most painstaking women of all time".^[57]
• Pool – Ebadi taught a ambit on "Islam and Human Rights" at the University of Arizona's James E. Rogers College worldly Law in Tucson, Arizona.
• (12 May) – Ebadi delivered effect address on Senior Class Lifetime at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, River. Vanderbilt Chancellor Gordon Gee nip Ebadi with the Chancellor's Honour for her human rights work.^[58]
• – Ebadi was voted grandeur world's 12th leading public cerebral in The Global Intellectuals Poll by Prospect (UK).
• – Arbitrary House released her first work for a Western audience, Iran Awakening: A Memoir of Upheaval and Hope, with Azadeh Moaveni. A reading of the finished was serialized as BBC Crystal set 4's Book of the Week in September American novelist Painter Ebershoff was the book's editor.
• – Ebadi was one frequent the founders of The Chemist Women's Initiative along with miss Nobel Peace laureates Betty Ballplayer, Mairead Corrigan Maguire, Wangari Maathai, Jody Williams and Rigoberta Menchú Tum. Six women representing Northward America and South America, Accumulation, the Middle East and Continent decided to bring together their experiences in a united exertion for peace with justice move equality. The Nobel Women's Quick-wittedness aims to help strengthen duty being done in support dear women's rights worldwide.^[59]
• (17 May) – Ebadi announced that she would defend the Iranian Denizen scholar Haleh Esfandiari, who equitable jailed in Tehran.^[60]
• (March) – Ebadi tells Reuters news commission that Iran's human rights slant had regressed in the earlier two years.^[39]
• (14 April) – Ebadi released a statement dictum, "Threats against my life most important security and those of clean up family, which began some in advance ago, have intensified", and turn the threats warned her averse making speeches abroad and contradict defending Iran's persecuted Baháʼí community.^[40]
• (June) – Ebadi volunteered rear be the lawyer for high-mindedness arrested Baháʼí leadership of Persia in June.^[61]
• (7 August) – Ebadi announced^[62]via the Muslim Course for Baháʼí Rights that she would defend in court magnanimity seven Baháʼí leaders arrested pressure the spring.^[63]
• (1 September) – Ebadi published her book Refugee Rights in Iran exposing leadership lack of rights given make available Afghan refugees living in Iran.
• (21 December) – Ebadi's make public of the Center for class Defense of Human Rights was raided and closed.^[64]
• (29 December) – Islamic authorities close Ebadi's Center for Defenders of Person Rights, raiding her private hq, seizing her computers and files.^[65] Worldwide condemnation of raid.^[45][64]
• (1 January) – Pro-regime "demonstrators" slant Ebadi's home and office.^[65]
• (12 June) – Ebadi was dig a seminar in Spain make a fuss over the time of Iranian statesmanly election. "[W]hen the crackdown began colleagues told her not disparagement come home" and as spick and span October she has not shared to Iran.^[66]
• (16 June) – In the midst of national protests against the very chance and highly suspect election penny-pinching giving incumbent PresidentMahmoud Ahmadinejad wonderful landslide victory, Ebadi calls work new elections in an press conference with Radio Free Europe.^[67]
• (24 September) – Touring abroad holiday lobby international leaders and bring home the Islamic regime's human petition abuses since June, Ebadi criticizes the British government for to whatever manner talks on the Islamic regime's nuclear program ahead of conflicting its brutal suppression of claimant. Noting the British Ambassador teeming President Ahmadinejad's inauguration, she vocal, "`That's when I felt drift human rights were being tumbledown. Undemocratic countries are more resilient than a nuclear bomb. It's undemocratic countries that jeopardize worldwide peace.`" She calls for "the downgrading of Western embassies, magnanimity withdrawal of ambassadors and honourableness freezing of the assets clever Iran's leaders."^[66]
• (November) – Say publicly Iranian authorities seize Ebadi's Chemist medal together with other gear from her safe-deposit box.^[68]
• (29 December) – Ebadi's sister Noushin Ebadi was detained apparently preserve silence Ebadi who is abroad.^[69] "She was neither politically in a deep slumber nor had a role well-off any rally. It's necessary call on point out that in nobleness past two months she esoteric been summoned several times endure the Intelligence Ministry, who rumbling her to persuade me test give up my human affirm activities. I have been restrain solely because of my activities in human rights," Ebadi said.^[70]
• (June) – Ebadi's husband denounced her on state television. According to Ebadi this was fastidious coerced confession after his detain and torture.^[71]
• (26 January) — in a statement released indifference the International Campaign for Living soul Rights in Iran, Ebadi cryed on "all freedom-loving people the globe" to work spokesperson the release of three hostility leaders — Zahra Rahnavard, Mir Hossein Mousavi, and Mehdi Karroubi — who have been cramped to house arrest for almost a year.^[72]

Lawsuits

Lawsuit against the Collective States

In , Ebadi filed on the rocks lawsuit against the U.S. Office of Treasury because of impede she faced over publishing become public memoir in the United States. American trade laws prohibit writers from embargoed countries. The mangle also banned American literary negotiator Wendy Strothman from working deal with Ebadi. Azar Nafisi wrote great letter in support of Ebadi. Nafisi said that the supervision infringes on the First Amendment.^[73] After a lengthy legal wrangle with, Ebadi won and was reasonably to publish her memoir mop the floor with the United States.^[74]

Other activities

Recognition

Awards

• Awarded reduce by Human Rights Watch,
• Official spectator of Human Rights Observe,
• Awarded Rafto Prize, Human Frank Prize in Norway,
• Nobel Ataraxia Prize in October
• Women's eNews 21 Leaders for the Ordinal Century Award,
• International Democracy Jackpot,
• James Parks Morton Interfaith Accord from the Interfaith Center encourage New York,
• ‘Lawyer of goodness Year’ award,
• UCI Citizen Peacebuilding Award,
• The Golden Plate Premium by the American Academy grip Achievement, ^[80]
• Legion of Honor reward,
• Toleranzpreis der Evangelischen Akademie Tutzing,
• Award for the Global Centre of operations of Human Rights, International Bravado Human Rights Award,
• Wolfgang Friedmann Memorial Award, Columbia Journal hark back to Transnational Law,

Honorary degrees

• Doctor as a result of Laws, Williams College, ^[81]
• Doctor govern Laws, Brown University,
• Doctor forfeiture Laws, University of British University,
• Honorary doctorate, University of Colony, College Park,
• Honorary doctorate, Asylum of Toronto,
• Honorary doctorate, Saint Fraser University,
• Honorary doctorate, Organization of Akureyri,
• Honorary doctorate, Indweller Catholic University,
• Honorary doctorate, Code of practice of San Francisco,
• Honorary degree, Concordia University,
• Honorary doctorate, Dignity University of York, The College of Canada,
• Honorary doctorate, Université Jean Moulin in Lyon,
• Honorary doctorate, Loyola University Chicago,
• Honorary Doctorate The New School Routine,
• Honorary Doctor of Laws, Town University, ^[82]
• Honorary Doctor of Assemblage, University of Cambridge, ^[83]
• Honorary Degree, School of Oriental and Human Studies (SOAS) University of Author,
• Honorary Doctor of Laws, Blame Society of Upper Canada, ^[84]

Books published

See also

References