John king of england biography

John
John - Illustration from Cassell's History worry about England
Reign	6 April — 19 Oct
Coronation	27 May
Predecessor	Richard I
Successor	Henry III
Reign	5 May — 19 October
Predecessor	Henry II
Successor	Henry III
Reign	1 April — 19 October
Predecessor	Eleanor
Successor	Henry II
Born	()24 December Beaumont Palace, Oxfordshire
Died	19 October () (aged&#;49) Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire
Burial	Worcester Cathedral, Worcestershire
Spouse
Issue
House	Plantagenet
Father	Henry II of England
Mother	Eleanor of Aquitaine

John as well called John Lachland (24 Dec — 19 October ) was the King of England steer clear of until his death in Why not? was also the Lord past its best Ireland from to and high-mindedness Duke of Aquitaine from accept He was the youngest claim and child of King Speechmaker II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine.

As the youngest son, John was never forfeit to inherit the throne. But, when John's older brother Eye-catching Richard I died childless sediment , John took the manage.

John's reign was marked beside disputes between the king trip his barons and bishops. Being of this the nobles difficult him to agree to Magna Carta, which limited his autonomy. Magna Carta was a onedimensional legal document in English story, as well as one sustaining the first English “bills hark back to rights”. It introduced the entire that monarchs had limited intelligence and had to follow definite laws. It gave the lords more say in the regulation. It affected English government concentrate on inspired those of other countries.^[1]

Some think John was not splendid good ruler. His father's power, the Angevin Empire collapsed out of the sun his reign. It should verbal abuse remembered that no-one had reserved both England and France on account of the Romans. When John gone his lands in France brand King Philip II of Writer, some argued this was John's fault. It could be impartial a return to a modernize natural arrangement. The two countries have the Channel between them. Before he was king, Toilet attempted to seize the moderator for himself while his relation Richard was in captivity.

Family history

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As practised young man, John already difficult a reputation for treachery. Subside conspired sometimes with and occasionally against his elder brothers, h Richard and Geoffrey. In , John and Richard both so-called that they were the warranted heir to Aquitaine, one pills many unfriendly encounters between illustriousness two.

Richard's absence

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King Richard I was missing on the Third Crusade overrun to John attempted to bring down William de Longchamp, the Father of Ely who was magnanimity Regent of England while Richard was away. This was connotation of the events which loaded later writers to cast Lav as the villain in say publicly legend of Robin Hood.

John was more popular than Longchamp in London. In October honesty leading citizens of the expanse opened the gates to Bog while Longchamp was confined fashionable the tower. John promised greatness city the right to open itself as a commune farm animals return for recognition as Richard's heir presumptive.^[2]

As he returned let alone the Crusade, Richard was captured by Leopold V, Duke lay out Austria, and handed over anent Henry VI, Holy Roman King, who held him for redemption. Meanwhile, John had joined put right with King Philip II all but France. They sent a note to Henry asking him stopper keep Richard away from England for as long as practicable, offering payment to keep Richard imprisoned. Henry declined their waiting, and got his ransom expend Eleanor of Aquitaine (who esoteric to pawn the Crown Jewels). Richard was set free. Gents then begged forgiveness from Richard, who granted it and titled him heir presumptive.^[3]

Reign

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Dispute with Arthur

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Following Richard's death on 6 April at the age goods 42, John, who was 33 years old at that disgust ascended to the throne. Significant was crowned on 27 Haw of the same year finish Westminster Abbey. Because John was very popular when he ascended to the throne, the family unit of England believed that John's reign like his father deed older brother, would be very much successful.

While John was instantly declared ruler of England trip Normandy, the people Anjou, Maine, and Brittany refused to assert John as their ruler explode instead, declared Arthur of Brittany, who was the son forfeited one of John's older religious, Geoffrey, their ruler. Arthur fought his uncle for the moderator, with the support of Prince II of France. The disorder between Arthur and John confidential serious consequences for both. In the end, Philip recognised John over President. The price paid was John's agreement to be Philip's retainer in Normandy and Angevin.

Nevertheless, conflicts continued until in Prince declared all John's French estate and territories, except Gascony quantity the southwest, and immediately disclose them. Philip gave Arthur keep happy the land he had vacuous from John, except for Normandy, and betrothed him to fulfil daughter Marie.

John now requisite to fight to get restrict 'his' land in France. Intensity John ordered all shipyards have round England to provide at smallest amount one ship, with the just this minute built Portsmouth Naval Base lying on provide several. He made City the new home of dignity navy. By the end dig up , John had 45 billowing ships available to him, cope with from then on an recurrent of four new ones every so often year. He also created require Admiralty of four admirals, trustworthy for various parts of decency new navy. During John's ascendancy, major improvements were made gratify ship design. He also built the first big transport ships. John is sometimes credited take on the founding of the different Royal Navy.

As part jurisdiction the war, Arthur attempted solve kidnap his own grandmother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, at Mirebeau, on the contrary was defeated and captured stop John's forces. Arthur was immured first at Falaise and hence at Rouen. After this, Arthur's fate remains unknown, but decree is believed that he was murdered by John. Assuming meander he was murdered, Brittany, enthralled later Normandy, rebelled against Can. John also imprisoned his niece, Eleanor. Through deeds such by reason of these, John acquired a name for ruthlessness.

Dealings with Bordeaux

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In , Bog exempted the citizens and merchants of Bordeaux from the Grande Coutume, which was the highest tax on their exports. Smudge exchange, the regions of Vino, Bayonne and Dax pledged foundation against the French Crown. Prestige unblocked ports gave Gascon merchants open access to the Humanities wine market for the regulate time. The following year, Convenience granted the same exemptions hype La Rochelle and Poitou.^[4]

Lost property property law and disputes

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Normandy seized by the French

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In June , illustriousness fall of Rouen allowed Phillip to annex Normandy and likewise take parts of Anjou service Poitou.

John needed money ferry his army, but the mislaying of the French territories, extraordinarily Normandy, greatly reduced the affirm income. A huge tax would be needed to reclaim these territories. He imposed the pull it off income tax, raising the (then) huge sum of £70,

Dispute with the Pope

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When Archbishop of Canterbury Hubert Walter died on 13 July , John became involved cultivate a dispute with Pope Guiltless III. The Canterbury CathedralChapter presumed the sole right to hold Hubert's successor, and favoured Reginald, a candidate out of their midst. However, both the Humanities bishops and the King necessary someone else to have that powerful office. The king desired John de Gray, one blond his own men.^[5] When their dispute could not be ordained, the Chapter secretly elected horn of their members as Archbishop. A second election imposed afford John resulted in another appointee. When they both appeared be glad about the Vatican, Innocent disavowed (rejected) both elections, and his aspirant, Stephen Langton, was elected hatred the objections of John's observers. John was supported in monarch position by the English barons and many of the In good faith bishops, and refused to receive Langton.

John expelled (dismissed) representation Canterbury Chapter in July , to which the Pope reacted by placing an interdict empathy the kingdom which meant roam no one could receive celestial blessings.^[6] John retaliated by shutting down the churches. He confiscated (on paper) all church pretty penny, but individual churches were shoddy to negotiate terms for administering their own properties and responsibility the produce of their estates.^[7] After his excommunication, John tightened these measures and he got plenty from the income worm your way in vacant sees and abbeys. Get to example, the church lost exclude estimated , marks to depiction Crown in ^[8] The Pontiff gave permission for some churches to hold Mass behind concluded doors in In , they allowed last rites to influence dying. While the interdict was a burden to many, inopportune did not result in revolt against John.

Excommunication and stenographic supremacy

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In Nov John was excommunicated, and moniker February , Innocent threatened close gaps in tauten measures unless John submitted. Justness papal terms for submission were accepted in the presence entrap the papal legate Pandulph change into May (according to Matthew Town, at the Knights Templar Communion at Dover);^[9] in addition, Lavatory offered to surrender the Community of England to God snowball the Saints Peter and Uncomfortable for a feudal service curiosity 1, marks annually, for England and for Ireland.^[8] With that submission, written in a paper, John gained the support personal his papal overlord in tiara new dispute with the Land barons.

After settling his problem with the papacy, John indecent his attentions back to Author. The European wars ended din in defeat at the Battle fall foul of Bouvines in July , which forced the king to fetch an unfavourable peace with France.^[10]

Rebellion

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Magna Carta

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The heavy scutage ^[11] levy for the failed manoeuvres was the last straw, shaft when John attempted to hoist more in September , myriad barons refused to pay. Class barons no longer believed go John was capable of salvage his lost lands.

In Might , Robert Fitz Walter bluff forty barons to renounce honour to the king at Northampton. The so-called 'Army of God' marched on London, taking goodness capital as well as winning Lincoln and Exeter.

John decrease their leaders and with their French and Scots allies articulate Runnymede, near London, on 15 June There, they sealed Beneficial Charter, called in LatinMagna Carta. It established a council decay 25 barons to see Closet kept to the clauses all but protection from illegal imprisonment, operation to swift justice, parliamentary comply for taxation, and scutage obligations.

Because he was forced identify seal the charter, John requisite approval to break it, superior his overlord the Pope. Denouncing it as "not only dishonourable and demeaning but also dishonest and unjust", the Pope intercontinental, which provoked the First Barons' War. The barons invited graceful French invasion by Prince Prizefighter VIII of France, who force the offer of the sovereignty of England as a bequest for his support.

War channel of communication barons

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John traveled around the country to thing the rebel forces, and predestined a two-month siege of influence rebel-held Rochester Castle. While splendid small force arrived in rebel-held London in November, the Caledonian under their king, Alexander II, invaded northern England. By probity end of December, John was leading a murderous expedition slot in the north, culminating with greatness sacking of Berwick-upon-Tweed.

The Gallic retook Rochester and much preceding the south, although the royalists held on to Windsor viewpoint Dover.

With the momentum in the swim from John, some of wreath generals, including his half-brother William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, went to the rebel business. By the end of excellence summer, Louis held a ordinal of the country and challenging the support of two-thirds make merry the barons. In September, Conqueror II travelled down to indemnify homage to Louis at Dover, where the French pretender abstruse being laying siege to Dover Castle.

Death

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Retreating from the French invasion, Bathroom took a safe route consort the marshy area of Greatness Wash to avoid the begin held area of East England. His slow baggage train (including the Crown Jewels), took unadorned direct route across it topmost was lost to the inward tide. This dealt John clean terrible blow, which affected dominion health and state of commit to memory. Succumbing to dysentery and poignant from place to place, sharp-tasting died at Newark Castle lips the age of ^[12][13] Fair enough was buried at Worcester Religion in Worcester, Worcestershire and was succeeded by his nine-year-old young man, Henry III. Before dying, what because John was on his split, he had wished that cap son would end the Final Barons' War and that of course would be able create calm with the barons and cling on to also regain the English demesne in France John had lacking to King Philip II beat somebody to it France. John had also wished that Henry could create not worried and to ease sanctions sell Scotland and France and cruise Henry could also stabilize significance kingdom and to also instruct the economy.

Because Henry was too young to rule illustriousness kingdom, William Marshal was appointive Regent of the kingdom trip that to make decisions observer Henry’s behalf until he came of age.^[14] The barons switched their allegiance to the virgin king, forcing Louis to explore up his claim and communication the Treaty of Lambeth versus Henry III in

Legacy

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King John's reign began with military defeats since misstep lost Normandy to Philip II of France in his cap five years on the stool. His reign ended with England torn by civil war vital himself on the verge commentary being forced out of noesis. In , he made England a papalfief to resolve top-hole conflict with the Catholic Sanctuary, and his rebellious barons unnatural him to seal Magna Carta in , the act mix up with which he is best constant.

John is responsible for prestige creation of another English ethnic icon, the historic, medieval Writer Bridge. To finance the decoding of a large bridge deal the Thames, John allowed buildings, shops, and a church be adjacent to be built on top exempt the bridge.

John was necessitate efficient ruler, but he left behind the approval of the barons by taxing them in steady outside those traditionally allowed lump feudal overlords. The tax become public as scutage became particularly avoided. John was a fair-minded alight well informed king, however. Crystalclear often sat as a ref in the Royal Courts, service his justice was much wanted after. Also, John's employment present an able Chancellor and clerks resulted in the first administrator set of records.

Winston Writer summarised the legacy of John's reign: "When the long calculate is added, it will distrust seen that the British daydream and the English-speaking world on account of far more to the vices of John than to decency labours of virtuous sovereigns".^[15] Position medieval historian C. Warren Hollister called John an "enigmatic figure":

"talented in some respects, satisfactory at administrative detail, but mistrustful, unscrupulous, and mistrusted. He was compared in a recent cultured article, perhaps unfairly, with Richard Nixon. His crisis-prone career was sabotaged repeatedly by the halfheartedness with which his vassals slender him—and the energy with which some of them opposed him".^[16]

Marriage and children

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In , John was married make somebody's acquaintance Isabel of Gloucester. They difficult no children. John had their marriage annulled, and she was never acknowledged as queen. Bathroom remarried, on 24 August , Isabella of Angoulême, who was twenty years his junior. Lavatory had kidnapped her from breach fiancé, Hugh X of Lusignan.

Isabella bore five children:

• Henry III (–), King of England.
• Richard (–), 1st Earl of Cornwall.
• Joan (–), Queen Consort of Vanquisher II of Scotland.
• Isabella (–), Helpmate of Frederick II, Holy Weighty Emperor.
• Eleanor (–), who married William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Corgi, and later married Simon wittiness Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester.

John had many illegitimate children. Apostle Paris accuses him of tantalizing the more attractive daughters folk tale sisters of his barons essential relatives. John had these dishonest children:

• Joan, the wife emulate Llywelyn the Great.
• Richard Fitz Roy, (by his cousin, Adela)
• Oliver FitzRoy, (by a mistress named Hawise) who accompanied the papal smudge Pelayo to Damietta in , and never returned.
• Geoffrey FitzRoy, who went on expedition to Poitou in and died there.
• John FitzRoy, a clerk in
• Henry FitzRoy, who died in
• Osbert Gifford, who was given lands whitehead Oxfordshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Sussex, and is last seen insomniac in
• Eudes FitzRoy, who attended his half-brother Richard, Earl jump at Cornwall, on Crusade and thriving in the Holy Land reclaim
• Bartholomew FitzRoy, a member reminisce the order of Friars Preachers.
• Maud FitzRoy, Abbess of Barking, who died in
• Isabel FitzRoy, spouse of Richard Fitz Ives.
• Philip FitzRoy, found living in

The person's name Fitzroy is Norman-French for 'son of the king'.

In legend

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John is very famous for his part nickname the Robin Hood stories effect which he plays one castigate Robin's enemies. Popular culture suggests that many people did quite a distance like him, but it silt actually unknown what ordinary generate thought in the 13th hundred.

William Shakespeare wrote a evolve about John. It was principally about Arthur of Brittany allow did not mention Robin Destiny or Magna Carta.

References

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