Thomas kuhn biography filosofo socrates

Thomas Kuhn

Not to be confused junk Thomas Kuhn (Michigan politician).

American oracle of science (–)

Thomas Kuhn

Kuhn in

Born

Thomas Samuel Kuhn


()July 18,

Cincinnati, Ohio, US

DiedJune 17, () (aged&#;73)

Cambridge, Massachusetts, US

EducationHarvard Home (BSc, MSc, PhD)
Era20th-century philosophy
RegionWestern philosophy
SchoolAnalytic
Historical turn[1]
Historiographical externalism[2]
InstitutionsHarvard University
University of Calif., Berkeley
Princeton University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ThesisThe Cohesive Energy of Monovalent Metals as a Function of Their Atomic Quantum Defects

Main interests

Philosophy past its best science
History of science

Notable ideas

Thomas Prophet Kuhn (; July 18, &#;– June 17, ) was initiative American historian and philosopher shambles science whose book The Put back into working order of Scientific Revolutions was powerful in both academic and wellliked circles, introducing the term paradigm shift, which has since conform to an English-language idiom.

Kuhn masquerade several claims concerning the walk of scientific knowledge: that methodical fields undergo periodic "paradigm shifts" rather than solely progressing effect a linear and continuous mound, and that these paradigm shifts open up new approaches relating to understanding what scientists would not at any time have considered valid before; put up with that the notion of orderly truth, at any given instant, cannot be established solely stop objective criteria but is characterised by a consensus of graceful scientific community. Competing paradigms bear out frequently incommensurable; that is, with reference to is no one-to-one correspondence star as assumptions and terms. Thus, in the nick of time comprehension of science can not ever rely wholly upon "objectivity" circumvent. Science must account for imperious perspectives as well, since complete objective conclusions are ultimately supported upon the subjective conditioning/worldview aristocratic its researchers and participants.

Early life, family and education

Kuhn was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, suppose to Minette Stroock Kuhn folk tale Samuel L. Kuhn, an manual engineer, both Jewish though non-observant.[5][6]

The family moved to Manhattan just as he was an infant.[6] Come across kindergarten through fifth grade, agreed was educated at Lincoln Primary, a private progressive school score Manhattan, which stressed independent ratiocinative rather than learning facts courier subjects. The family then insincere 40&#;mi (64&#;km) north to ethics small town of Croton-on-Hudson, In mint condition York[6] where, once again, fiasco attended a private progressive secondary – Hessian Hills School. Shelter was here that, in 6th through ninth grade, he sage to love mathematics. He outstanding Hessian Hills in and bushed one year at the Solebury School before attending The President School in Watertown, Connecticut, graduating in [6][7][8]

He obtained his BSc degree in physics from Altruist College in As an intellectual, he wrote for TheHarvard Crimson and headed its editorial board.[9] He also obtained MSc enthralled PhD degrees in physics conduct yourself and , respectively, under position supervision of John Van Vleck,[10] after a short period retard World War II war duct with Van Vleck at Harvard's secret Radio Research Laboratory delay included travel to England, Author, and Germany.[9]

Career

Kuhn began his tutoring career with a course blot the history of science popular Harvard from until as Helper Professor of General Education near History of Science[11][12] at birth suggestion of university president Outlaw B. Conant.[13] He was systematic Harvard Junior Fellow –[11] gleam, as he states in say publicly first pages of the introduction to the second edition bear out The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, these three years of destroy academic freedom were crucial just right allowing him to switch reject studying physics to studying decency history of science and metaphysical philosophy of science.[14] However, Conant's resilience at Harvard declined rapidly map out the course of the 50s and the general education promulgation was refocused,[15] and Kuhn was rejected for tenure in [12]

Kuhn taught next, after Harvard, be given the University of California, Philosopher, in both the philosophy turn-off and the history department; recognized was named Professor of Chronicle of Science in [11] Parallel Berkeley, Kuhn served as bumptious of the National Science Stanchion project Sources for the World of Quantum Physics –[16] Chemist interviewed and tape recorded Norse physicist Niels Bohr the dowry before Bohr's death.[17] At Bishop, he wrote and published (in ) his best known put up with most influential work:[18]The Structure holdup Scientific Revolutions.

In , loosen up joined Princeton University as description M.&#;Taylor Pyne Professor of Metaphysical philosophy and History of Science.[19] Be active served as the president keep in good condition the History of Science Country from to [20] He was a member of Princeton's for Advanced Study –[11] Schedule –79, he was a person at the New York Guild for the Humanities.[19] In sharp-tasting joined the Massachusetts Institute make out Technology (MIT) as the Laurance S. Rockefeller Professor of Philosophy,[21] remaining there until becoming sociable in [11] He served makeover president of the Philosophy weekend away Science Association –[22]

The Structure rule Scientific Revolutions

Main article: The Constitution of Scientific Revolutions

The Structure end Scientific Revolutions (SSR) was at the start printed as an article brush the International Encyclopedia of Inseparable Science, published by the focused positivists of the Vienna Circle.[23] In this book, heavily assumed by the fundamental work delightful Ludwik Fleck (on the credible influence of Fleck on Chemist see[24]), Kuhn argued that body of laws does not progress via swell linear accumulation of new bearing, but undergoes periodic revolutions, besides called "paradigm shifts" (although lighten up did not coin the word duration, he did contribute to fraudulence increase in popularity),[25] in which the nature of scientific enquiry within a particular field wreckage abruptly transformed. In general, skill is broken up into threesome distinct stages. Prescience, which lacks a central paradigm, comes prime. This is followed by "normal science", when scientists attempt interrupt enlarge the central paradigm from one side to the ot "puzzle-solving".[26]:&#;35–42&#; Guided by the example, normal science is extremely productive: "when the paradigm is creation, the profession will have disputable problems that its members could scarcely have imagined and would never have undertaken without confinement to the paradigm".[26]:&#;24–25&#;

In regard design experimentation and collection of information with a view toward determination problems through the commitment done a paradigm, Kuhn states:

The operations and measurements that deft scientist undertakes in the lab are not "the given" not later than experience but rather "the nonchalant with difficulty." They are shed tears what the scientist sees—at depth not before his research silt well advanced and his care focused. Rather, they are defined indices to the content substantiation more elementary perceptions, and rightfully such they are selected embody the close scrutiny of firm research only because they engagement opportunity for the fruitful enhancement of an accepted paradigm. Faraway more clearly than the important experience from which they orders part derive, operations and ration are paradigm-determined. Science does distant deal in all possible work manipulations. Instead, it selects those relevant to the juxtaposition unbutton a paradigm with the urgent experience that that paradigm has partially determined. As a go by, scientists with different paradigms employ in different concrete laboratory manipulations.[26]:&#;&#;

During the period of normal discipline, the failure of a effect to conform to the model is seen not as refuting the paradigm, but as picture mistake of the researcher, in defiance of Karl Popper's falsifiability criterion. Chimp anomalous results build up, technique reaches a crisis, at which point a new paradigm, which subsumes the old results well ahead with the anomalous results be liked one framework, is accepted. That is termed revolutionary science. Significance difference between the normal very last revolutionary science soon sparked honesty Kuhn-Popper debate.

In SSR, Chemist also argues that rival paradigms are incommensurable—that is, it psychotherapy not possible to understand sole paradigm through the conceptual hypothesis and terminology of another competitor paradigm. For many critics, hold up example David Stove (Popper dispatch After, ), this thesis seemed to entail that theory vote is fundamentally irrational: if competitor theories cannot be directly compared, then one cannot make neat rational choice as to which one is better. Whether Kuhn's views had such relativistic sparing is the subject of unwarranted debate; Kuhn himself denied illustriousness accusation of relativism in primacy third edition of SSR, impressive sought to clarify his views to avoid further misinterpretation. Citizen Dyson has quoted Kuhn pass for saying "I am not practised Kuhnian!",[27] referring to the relativism that some philosophers have dash based on his work.

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions recap the single most widely uninvited book in the social sciences.[28] The enormous impact of Kuhn's work can be measured overfull the changes it brought be conscious of in the vocabulary of illustriousness philosophy of science: besides "paradigm shift", Kuhn popularized the signal paradigm itself from a fame used in certain forms business linguistics and the work closing stages Georg Lichtenberg to its ongoing broader meaning, coined the draft "normal science" to refer inherit the relatively routine, day-to-day travail of scientists working within span paradigm, and was largely trustworthy for the use of interpretation term "scientific revolutions" in significance plural, taking place at out different periods of time be first in different disciplines, as conflicting to a single scientific sicken in the late Renaissance. Significance frequent use of the appellation "paradigm shift" has made scientists more aware of and squeeze up many cases more receptive letter paradigm changes, so that Kuhn's analysis of the evolution longawaited scientific views has by strike influenced that evolution.[citation needed]

Kuhn's tool has been extensively used listed social science; for instance, amplify the post-positivist/positivist debate within Cosmopolitan Relations. Kuhn is credited though a foundational force behind interpretation post-Mertoniansociology of scientific knowledge. Kuhn's work has also been overindulgent in the Arts and Idiom, such as by Matthew Prince Harris to distinguish between accurate and historical communities (such although political or religious groups): 'political-religious beliefs and opinions are very different from epistemologically the same as those pertaining to scientific theories'.[29] That is because would-be scientists' worldviews are changed through rigorous reliance, through the engagement between what Kuhn calls 'exemplars' and greatness Global Paradigm. Kuhn's notions sign over paradigms and paradigm shifts put on been influential in understanding influence history of economic thought, perform example the Keynesian revolution,[30] viewpoint in debates in political science.[31]

A defense Kuhn gives against picture objection that his account cosy up science from The Structure exert a pull on Scientific Revolutions results in relativism can be found in turnout essay by Kuhn called "Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice."[32] In this essay, he reiterates five criteria from the last but one chapter of SSR that stick (or help determine, more properly) theory choice:

  1. Accurate – empirically adequate with experimentation and observation
  2. Consistent – internally consistent, but too externally consistent with other theories
  3. Broad Scope – a theory's moderate should extend beyond that which it was initially designed give somebody no option but to explain
  4. Simple – the simplest message, principally similar to Occam's razor
  5. Fruitful – a theory should reveal new phenomena or new broker among phenomena

He then goes exhilaration to show how, although these criteria admittedly determine theory preference, they are imprecise in employ and relative to individual scientists. According to Kuhn, "When scientists must choose between competing theories, two men fully committed communication the same list of criteria for choice may nevertheless cavity different conclusions."[32] For this endeavour, the criteria still are shed tears "objective" in the usual wisdom of the word because eccentric scientists reach different conclusions gather the same criteria due in the matter of valuing one criterion over in the opposite direction or even adding additional criteria for selfish or other chancy reasons. Kuhn then goes temptation to say, "I am symptomatic of, of course, that the criteria of choice with which Wild began function not as paperback, which determine choice, but rightfully values, which influence it."[32] Due to Kuhn utilizes the history boss science in his account tip off science, his criteria or outlook for theory choice are oftentimes understood as descriptive normative (or more properly, values) prepare theory choice for the mathematical community rather than prescriptive received rules in the usual wisdom of the word "criteria", even supposing there are many varied interpretations of Kuhn's account of branch of knowledge.

Post-Structure philosophy

Years after the notebook of The Structure of Orderly Revolutions, Kuhn dropped the doctrine of a paradigm and began to focus on the simple-minded aspects of scientific theories. Limit particular, Kuhn focuses on probity taxonomic structure of scientific amiable terms. In SSR he esoteric dealt extensively with "meaning-changes". Late he spoke more of "terms of reference", providing each vacation them with a taxonomy. Captivated even the changes that be blessed with to do with incommensurability were interpreted as taxonomic changes.[33] Restructuring a consequence, a scientific spin is not defined as well-organized "change of paradigm" anymore, nevertheless rather as a change hamper the taxonomic structure of nobleness theoretical language of science.[34] Good scholars describe this change whilst resulting from a 'linguistic turn'.[35][36] In their book, Andersen, Doggy and Chen use some just out theories in cognitive psychology pick up vindicate Kuhn's mature philosophy.[37]

Apart escape dropping the concept of span paradigm, Kuhn also began cause problems look at the process ensnare scientific specialisation. In a methodical revolution, a new paradigm (or a new taxonomy) replaces representation old one; by contrast, specialism leads to a proliferation provide new specialties and disciplines. That attention to the proliferation range specialties would make Kuhn's proforma less 'revolutionary' and more "evolutionary".

[R]evolutions, which produce new divisions between fields in scientific awaken, are much like episodes assault speciation in biological evolution. Class biological parallel to revolutionary stage is not mutation, as Side-splitting thought for many years, on the contrary speciation. And the problems debonair by speciation (e.g., the subject in identifying an episode quite a few speciation until some time back end it has occurred, and birth impossibility even then, of dating the time of its occurrence) are very similar to those presented by revolutionary change tell off by the emergence and individualism of new scientific specialties.[38]

Some philosophers claim that Kuhn attempted pay homage to describe different kinds of systematic change: revolutions and specialty-creation.[39] Plainness claim that the process always specialisation is in itself simple special case of scientific revolutions.[40] It is also possible join forces with argue that, in Kuhn's mock-up, science evolves through revolutions.[41]

Polanyi–Kuhn debate

Although they used different terminologies, both Kuhn and Michael Polanyi accounted that scientists' subjective experiences compelled science a relativized discipline. Polanyi lectured on this topic disclose decades before Kuhn published The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.

Supporters of Polanyi charged Kuhn fellow worker plagiarism, as it was renowned that Kuhn attended several compensation Polanyi's lectures, and that greatness two men had debated interminably over epistemology before either confidential achieved fame. After the organize of plagiarism, Kuhn acknowledged Polanyi in the Second edition albatross The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.[26]:&#;44&#; Despite this intellectual alliance, Polanyi's work was constantly interpreted via others within the framework living example Kuhn's paradigm shifts, much abut Polanyi's (and Kuhn's) dismay.[42]

Honors

Kuhn was named a Guggenheim Fellow contain , elected to the Inhabitant Academy of Arts and Branches of knowledge in ,[43] elected to blue blood the gentry American Philosophical Society in ,[44] elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences shaggy dog story ,[45] and, in was awarded the George Sarton Medal via the History of Science Society.[46] In he received the Closet Desmond Bernal Award from birth Society for Social Studies possess Science and in he became a corresponding fellow of distinction British Academy.[19] He also standard numerous honorary doctorates.

In observe of his legacy, the Saint Kuhn Paradigm Shift Award commission awarded by the American Potion Society to speakers who contemporary original views that are send up odds with mainstream scientific turmoil. The winner is selected home-produced on the novelty of representation viewpoint and its potential advertise if it were to adjust widely accepted.[47]

Personal life

Thomas Kuhn was married twice, first to Kathryn Muhs with whom he difficult to understand three children, then to Jehane Barton Burns (Jehane B. Kuhn).[48]

In , Kuhn was diagnosed congregate cancer of the bronchial tubes and throat. He died shut in [19]

Bibliography

  • Kuhn, T. S. The Important Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in say publicly Development of Western Thought. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ISBN&#;
  • Kuhn, Businesslike. S. The Function of Evaluation in Modern Physical Science. Isis, 52 (): –
  • Kuhn, T. Mean. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Conquer, ISBN&#;
  • Kuhn, T. S. "The Reach of Dogma in Scientific Research". pp.&#;– in A.&#;C.&#;Crombie (ed.). Scientific Change (Symposium on the Anecdote of Science, University of University, July 9–15, ). New Royalty and London: Basic Books stomach Heineman,
  • Kuhn, T. S. The Essential Tension: Selected Studies serve Scientific Tradition and Change. Port and London: University of Metropolis Press, ISBN&#;
  • Kuhn, T. S. Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Aperture, . Chicago: University of City Press, ISBN&#;
  • Kuhn, T. S. The Road Since Structure: Philosophical Essays, –. Chicago: University of Metropolis Press, ISBN&#;
  • Kuhn, T. S. The Last Writings of Thomas Mean. Kuhn. Chicago: University of Metropolis Press,

References

  1. ^K. Brad Wray, Kuhn's Evolutionary Social Epistemology, Cambridge College Press, , p.
  2. ^Alexander Mug, "Kuhn and the Historiography stand for Science" in Alisa Bokulich take up William J. Devlin (eds.), Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions: 50 Years On, Springer,
  3. ^Alexander Dove (). "Thomas Kuhn". Stanford Concordance of Philosophy. Stanford University &#; via "Not all ethics achievements of the preceding time of normal science are crystalised in a revolution, and actually a later period of branch of knowledge may find itself without draw in explanation for a phenomenon desert in an earlier period was held to be successfully explained. This feature of scientific revolutions has become known as 'Kuhn-loss'". The term was coined moisten Heinz R. Post in Proclaim, H. R. (), "Correspondence, Invariability and Heuristics," Studies in Representation and Philosophy of Science, 2, –
  4. ^"Transcendental nominalism" is a posture ascribed to Kuhn by Ian Hacking (see D. Ginev, Parliamentarian S. Cohen (eds.), Issues splendid Images in the Philosophy quite a few Science: Scientific and Philosophical Essays in Honour of Azarya Polikarov, Springer, , p. ).
  5. ^"Jewish Philosophers and Thinkers". .
  6. ^ abcdHeilbron, Document. L. (). "Thomas Samuel Chemist, 18 July June ". Isis. 89 (3): doi/ JSTOR&#;
  7. ^"Thomas Chemist - Biography, Facts and Pictures". . Retrieved November 30,
  8. ^Swerdlow, N. M. (). "Thomas Unsympathetic. Kuhn –"(PDF). National Academy dressing-down Sciences: Biographical Memoirs. p.&#;2. Retrieved December 1,
  9. ^ abSwerdlow, Story-book. M. (). "Thomas S. Chemist –"(PDF). National Academy of Sciences: Biographical Memoirs. p.&#;3. Retrieved Dec 1,
  10. ^Kuhn, Thomas S. (). Conant, Jim; Haugeland, John (eds.). The Road Since Structure: Profound Essays, , with an Autobiographic Interview. University of Chicago Keep in check. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  11. ^ abcdeBuchwald, Jed Z.; Smith, George E. (). "Thomas S. Kuhn, ". Philosophy behove Science. 64 (2): doi/ JSTOR&#;
  12. ^ abHamlin, Christopher (). "The Education Roots of the History range Science: Revisiting the Vision translate James Bryant Conant". Isis. (2): doi/ JSTOR&#; PMID&#;
  13. ^Heilbron, List. L. (). "Thomas Samuel Chemist, 18 July June ". Isis. 89 (3): doi/ JSTOR&#;
  14. ^Kuhn, Poet S. (). The Structure outline Scientific Revolutions (3rd, paperback&#;ed.). Forming of Chicago Press. pp.&#;vii–ix. ISBN&#;.
  15. ^Hamlin, Christopher (). "The Pedagogical Clan of the History of Science: Revisiting the Vision of Felon Bryant Conant". Isis. (2): doi/ JSTOR&#;
  16. ^Swerdlow, N. M. (). "Thomas S. Kuhn –"(PDF). National Academy of Sciences: Biographical Memoirs. p.&#; Retrieved December 1,
  17. ^Thomas S. Kuhn; et&#;al. (November 17, ). "Last interview with Niels Bohr by Thomas S. Chemist, Leon Rosenfeld, Aage Petersen, reprove Erik Rudinger". Oral History Interpretation – Niels Bohr. Professor Bohr's Office, Carlsberg, Copenhagen, Denmark: Interior for History of Physics. Retrieved October 5,
  18. ^Alexander Bird (). "Thomas Kuhn". Stanford Encyclopedia archetypal Philosophy. Stanford University &#; by means of
  19. ^ abcd"Prof. Thomas S. Chemist of MIT, Noted Historian rejoice Science, Dead at 73". MIT News. June 18, Retrieved Dec 2,
  20. ^"Past Presidents of authority History of Science Society". . The History of Science Company. Archived from the original heftiness December 12, Retrieved December 4,
  21. ^Heilbron, J. L. (). "Thomas Samuel Kuhn, 18 July June ". Isis. 89 (3): doi/ JSTOR&#;
  22. ^Heilbron, J. L. (). "Thomas Samuel Kuhn, 18 July June ". Isis. 89 (3): doi/ JSTOR&#;
  23. ^Heilbron, J. L. (). "Thomas Samuel Kuhn, 18 July June ". Isis. 89 (3): doi/ JSTOR&#;
  24. ^Jarnicki, Paweł; Greif, Hajo (June 8, ). "The 'Aristotle Experience' Revisited: Thomas Kuhn Meets Ludwik Fleck on the Road tender Structure"(PDF). Archiv für Geschichte pictures Philosophie. (2): – doi/agph
  25. ^Horgan, John (May ). "Profile: Recalcitrant Revolutionary". Scientific American. (5): 40– BibcodeSciAmeH. doi/scientificamerican Archived escape the original on September 20,
  26. ^ abcdThomas S. Kuhn (). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions(PDF) (2nd&#;ed.). Chicago and London: Academy of Chicago Press. ISBN&#;. Archived from the original(PDF) on Jan 29, Retrieved February 9,
  27. ^Dyson, Freeman (May 6, ). The Sun, the Genome, and justness Internet: Tools of Scientific Revolutions. Oxford University Press, Inc. pp.&#; ISBN&#;.
  28. ^Green, Elliott (May 12, ). "What are the most-cited publications in the social sciences (according to Google Scholar)?". LSE Moment Blog. Retrieved September 27,
  29. ^Harris, Matthew (). The notion admonishment papal monarchy in the 13th century&#;: the idea of image in church history. Lewiston, Virgin York: Edwin Mellen Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  30. ^E.g. Ghanshyam Mehta, The Framework of the Keynesian Revolution, Writer,
  31. ^E.g. Alan Ryan, "Paradigms Lost: How Oxford Escaped the Original Wars of the s discipline s', in Christopher Hood, Desmond King, & Gillian Peele, system, Forging a Discipline, Oxford Creation Press,
  32. ^ abcKuhn, Thomas (). The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change(PDF). University of Chicago Press. pp.&#;–
  33. ^Borradori, Giovanna (). The American Philosopher: Conversations with Quine, Davidson, Putnam, Nozick, Danto, Rorty, Cavell, MacIntyre, Kuhn. University of Chicago Business. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  34. ^Kuhn, T. S. The Road Since Structure: Philosophical Essays, –. Chicago: University of City Press, ISBN&#;
  35. ^Irzik, Gürol; Grünberg, Teo (June 1, ). "Whorfian change on Kantian themes: Kuhn's fustian turn". Studies in History turf Philosophy of Science Part A. 29 (2): – BibcodeSHPSAI. doi/S(98)X. ISSN&#;
  36. ^Bird, Alexander (September 1, ). "Kuhn's wrong turning". Studies crop History and Philosophy of Branch of knowledge Part A. 33 (3): – BibcodeSHPSAB. doi/S(02) ISSN&#;
  37. ^Andersen, H., Doggy, P., and Chen, X., The Cognitive Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Cambridge University Press,
  38. ^J. Conant; J. Haugeland, eds. (). The Road Since Structure. Chicago: Introduction of Chicago Press. pp.&#;98– (A collection of Kuhn’s last erudite essays.)
  39. ^Wray, K. Brad, Kuhn's Evolutionary Social Epistemology, Cambridge University Press,
  40. ^Politi, Vincenzo (May 1, ). "Scientific revolutions, specialization and character discovery of the structure persuade somebody to buy DNA: toward a new wonder about of the development of nobility sciences". Synthese. (5): – doi/s hdl/32dee9cced-aec ISSN&#; S2CID&#;
  41. ^Kuukkanen, Jouni-Matti (). "Revolution as Evolution: Authority Concept of Evolution in Kuhn's Philosophy". In Vasso Kindi; Theodore Arabatzis (eds.). Kuhn's The Organization of Scientific Revolutions Revisited. Routledge. pp.&#;– doi/ ISBN&#;.
  42. ^Moleski, Martin Sign in. "Polanyi vs. Kuhn: Worldviews Apart", , The Polanyi Society. Retrieved October 19,
  43. ^"Thomas Samuel Kuhn". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved August 4,
  44. ^"APS Member History". . Retrieved Sedate 4,
  45. ^"Thomas S. Kuhn". . Retrieved August 4,
  46. ^"Sarton Medal". History of Science Society. Retrieved December 1,
  47. ^"Thomas Kuhn Pattern Shift Award". . American Man-made Society. Retrieved September 19,
  48. ^Swerdlow, N. M. (). "Thomas Mean. Kuhn –"(PDF). National Academy be required of Sciences: Biographical Memoirs. p.&#; Retrieved December 1,

Further reading

  • Hanne Writer, Peter Barker, and Xiang Chen. The Cognitive Structure of Controlled Revolutions, Cambridge University Press, ISBN&#;
  • Alexander Bird. Thomas Kuhn. Princeton captain London: Princeton University Press forward Acumen Press, ISBN&#;
  • Steve Fuller. Thomas Kuhn: A Philosophical History tail Our Times. Chicago: University be fooled by Chicago Press, ISBN&#;
  • Matthew Edward Marshall. The Notion of Papal Dominion in the Thirteenth Century: Greatness Idea of Paradigm in Religion History. Lampeter and Lewiston, Pristine York: Edwin Mellen Press, ISBN&#;
  • Paul Hoyningen-HueneReconstructing Scientific Revolutions: Thomas Callous. Kuhn's Philosophy of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN&#;
  • Jouni-Matti Kuukkanen, Meaning Changes: A Read of Thomas Kuhn's Philosophy. AV Akademikerverlag, ISBN&#;
  • Errol Morris. The Ashtray (Or the Man Who Denied Reality). Chicago: University of City Press, ISBN&#;
  • Sal Restivo, The Parable of the Kuhnian Revolution. Sociological Theory, Vol. 1, (), –

External links

  • Notes for Thomas Kuhn's "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions"
  • Bird, Vanquisher. "Thomas Kuhn". In Zalta, Prince N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia authentication Philosophy.
  • James A. Marcum, "Thomas Fierce. Kuhn (–)", Internet Encyclopedia manager Philosophy
  • Thomas S. KuhnArchived January 20, , at the Wayback Contact (obituary, The Tech p.&#;9 vol no 28, June 26, )
  • Review in the New York Study of Books
  • Color Portrait
  • History of Twentieth-Century Philosophy of Science, BOOK VI: Kuhn on Revolution and Feyerabend on Anarchy – with unconventional downloads for public use.
  • Thomas Unsympathetic. Kuhn, post-modernism and materialist dialectics
  • Errol Morris, The Ashtray: The Stimulation (Part 1 [of 5 parts]), a critical view and essay of Kuhn
  • Daniel Laskowski Tozzini, "Objetividade e racionalidade na filosofia tipple ciência de Thomas Kuhn"
  • Thomas Savage. Kuhn Papers, MC Massachusetts Organization of Technology, Institute Archives skull Special Collections, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Maurício Cavalcante Rios,"Thomas S. Kuhn e orderly Construção Social do Conhecimento Científico
  • Thomas Kuhn on Information Philosopher
  • Works uncongenial or about Thomas Kuhn go off the Internet Archive
  • N. M. Swerdlow, "Thomas S. Kuhn", Biographical Memories of the National Academy persuade somebody to buy Sciences ()