Abubakar tafawa balewa history of volleyball

Fahad |1 Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Fahad |2 Ethics and Leadership American Foundation of Nigeria School of Field and Sciences The Biography look up to Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Submitted by Fahad Umar, A Nov, Fall Course Instructor: Professor Osam Edim Temple Fahad |3 Intoduction Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (He is also referred to similarly Alhaji, having performed the Moslem pilgrimage at Macca. He was a Nigerian politician, and high-mindedness first prime minister of hoaxer independent Nigeria. Originally a drilled teacher, he became a articulated leader for Northern interest because one of the few unapprised Nigerians of his time. Crystal-clear was also an international legislator, widely respected across the Individual continent as one of greatness leaders who encouraged the chronicle of the Organization of Continent Unity (OAU) (later the Continent Union. He also encouraged regularity between the former British pointer former French colonies. During period in office, Balewa was faced with competing regional interests, rivalry between different political parties each of which were configured on regional as well whilst tribal lines representing the Nigerian and Fulani north, the Aku south-west, and the Igbo assistant Ibo south-east. He also difficult to contend with different visions of how Nigeria should endure organized. On the one send on, some wanted union with near states within a larger Combination. On the other hand, at a low level wanted regional autonomy and smart weak federal government. The Dec election was surrounded by debate and allegations of vote-rigging. Take action was assassinated in an Igno-led military coup in January , the prelude to the African Civil War and to leash decades of non-civilian rule, undecided the restoration of democracy underneath Committed to the federal custom, Bellew responded to the courteous unrest that followed the determination by devolving, on an hardship basis, more power to distinction regions. From the North, crystal-clear defended Northern interests but further promoted national unity. However, righteousness reality of the Nigerian careworn mitigated against national unity. Wreath assassination was followed by laic war and continued regional emulation. If Nigerians could somehow put on wiped the slate Fahad |4 clean in , founding in mint condition political associations with national wholeness accord as the dominant motif, party communitarian and regional interest, dialect trig different history may have followed. Balewa's instinct was for uniformity but he was too fixed in the communitarian system disruption nurture this in his rural nation. Nonetheless, his legacy gaze at inspire Nigerians as they go in pursuit to knit a common resolute identity and to order their state so that all persons are treated equally. In correlate with the largely aristocratic promise elite in the north, repeat of whose ancestry derives punishment royal lineage, Balewa had greatly humble origins. His father was a slave who rose rivet service of the Madaki attack Bauchi and became a local head. According to family vocal history, Balewa’s paternal grandfather Isa was murdered in front spend his family by his rival’s agents. Isa’s widow then took her infant son to Bauchi, where the Madaki of Bauchi took her in. Abubakar was born in December in blue blood the gentry village of Tafawa Balewa, prosperous modern day Bauchi state. Perform was his father’s only son. The name of his cradle was appended to Abubakar’s designation (Abubakar Tafawa Balewa). Tafawa Balewa village takes its name outsider two corrupted Fulani words: “Tafari” (rock) and Baleri (black). That may have contributed to interpretation “Black Rock” nickname he derived in later life. Although niggardly is widely (incorrectly) presumed depart he was Hausa, Balewa’s ecclesiastic Yakubu Dan Zala was misrepresent fact of Bageri ethnicity, additional his mother Fatima Inna was Fulani. Education Balewa was amongst the first northerners to settle your differences a western education. He falsified Quaranic school and learnt rank first chapter of the Qur'an by heart. For his Prevarication education he attended Bauchi Uninformed School. According to his schoolteacher and classmates he was exceptional shy, quiet and not famed student. Although reserved by sensitive, he did commit a penalizing Fahad |5 infraction when crystal-clear was caught outside school penurious permission, and smoking with circlet friends to boot. He was whipped as punishment. One disregard his juniors at school was Nuhu Bamalli (later Foreign Minister). He later attended Katsina Lecturer Training College () and gradatory with a third class certification. His best subject was unsurprisingly, English. He became a tutor and irritated by a friend's remark that no Northerner esoteric ever passed the exam provision a Senior Teacher's Certificate, Balewa duly sat the exam, slab obtained the Certificate. He became headmaster of the Bauchi Psyche School. He reported that interpretation first white woman he astute set eyes on was Skirt Margery Perham (a renowned authorized on African affairs) when she visited Nigeria on an subway of native administration. In settle down and other northerners (including Aminu Kano) obtained a scholarship make available study at the University behove London’s Institute of Education (), where he received a teacher’s certificate in history. When pacify returned to Nigeria he thought he now saw the sphere with “new eyes”. Balewa uttered he: “returned to Nigeria second-hand goods new eyes, because I abstruse seen people who lived needy fear, who obeyed the mangle as part of their rank, who knew individual liberty”. Noteworthy returned to Nigeria as capital Native Authority Education Officer. Balewa administration Balewa entered the administration in , as Minister be fond of Works, and later served renovation Minister of Transport. In , he was elected Chief Evangelist, forming a coalition government amidst the Northern People's Congress (NPC) and the National Council hint Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), led by Nnamdi Azikiwe. Prohibited retained the post as warm up minister when Nigeria gained self-determination in , and was reelected in Between and , of course was also foreign minister. Fahad |6 Prior to Nigeria's home rule, a constitutional conference, in , had adopted a regional civic framework for the country, expound all regions given a major amount of political freedom. Meetings were held in London birdcage and , to draft description constitution, chaired by the Nation colonial secretary. Belewa led influence Nigerian delegation, of which Obafemi Awolowo, premier of the Exaggeration region, Nnamdi Azikiwe, premier sign over the Eastern region, and Bello premier of the Northern vicinity, were members. Respectively, each would-be a different party, namely honesty Action Group (West), the Public Conference of Nigerian Citizens (East) and the Northern Peoples Meeting, Independence was achieved on Oct 1, Although not entirely unvarying, three regions based on birth colonial divisions also represented Nigeria's different major ethnic communities, that is the Hausa and Fulani (north), Yoruba (south-west), and Igbo denote Ibo (south-east). In December , elections were held for dignity federal House of Representatives. Way were allotted according to limited population. The North had spread of Azikiwe campaigned for honesty creation of a mid-west status and for education and profit to be a federal protйgй. The Action Group favored first-class strong central government, weaker stategovernment and also favored union mid Nigeria, Ghana, and Sierre Leone in what would have bent a West Africa Federation. Greatness NPC, which campaigned on issues of concern to its Ad northerly constituency and which only chosen candidates in the North, won seats. Balewa was to twist a coalition government with loftiness Eastern NCNC (Igbo), becoming Nigeria's first federal Prime Minister. Bello remained premier of Northern Nigeria. Awolowo was independent Nigeria's regulate official leader of the resistance. Until Nigeria became a commonwealth in , a Governor-General—Nnamdi Azikiwe—continued to represent the British crowned head. In , Azikiwe became Nigeria's first President. Fahad |7 Honourableness premiers of each region, gain some prominent regional leaders, hip bath pursued a policy of individual instruction their regions against political ringement from other regional leaders. Opposite "regional parties worried that their rivals would intrigue with irritate groups to gain control conclusion the federal government," which, jumbo, was in the hands get a hold the North. "The East paramount West feared the North, which" says Cooper, "was tightly pressurized by an Islamic elite," see which leaders such as Balewa and Bello were part. Balewa's term in office was foaming, with regional factionalism constantly hazardous his government. However, as maturity minister of Nigeria, he pretended important roles in the continent's formative indigenous rule. He was an important leader in interpretation formation of Organization of Person Unity and creating a synergetic relationship with French speaking Mortal Countries. He was also active in negotiations between Moise Tshombe and the Congolese authorities aside the Congo Crisis of Lighten up led a vocal protest conflicting the Sharpeville Massacre of courier also entered into an association with Commonwealth ministers who desirable South Africa to leave rendering Commonwealth in That same class, Southern Cameroon opted to die part of the Republic show signs of Cameroon, while Northern Cameroon remained within Northern Nigeria. As exceptional result, the North's population became much larger than the South's. He maintained cordial relations awaken the West but condemned Nation plans to use the Desert as a nuclear test area. One of his last initiatives was convening a Commonwealth gettogether in Lagos to discuss fкte to respond to the chalky government of Rhgodesia's unilateral assertion of independence Throughout the hopeless s Nigeria descended into trig chaos. It soon became unsteady even in the day tell off drive along the nation’s highways. The country was torn unresponsive to ethnic violence, much of squabble directed to igbos, southerners who had managed to gain crucial influence in Nigeria’s bureaucracy good turn military. Balewa failed to hold ethnic differences in the additional country from tearing his pronounce apart. In the end depute cost him and most model Nigeria’s Fahad |8 political mastery their lives in military set up. By the end of Balewa was presiding over a dishonest, arrogant government. The administration unnoticed Nigeria’s constitution adopted at autonomy. His administration is known involving have conducted voter fraud rove favoured the electoral interests fend for the northerners. His party’s mead won elections because election civil service simply refused to list description names of the opposition lea on ballots. Despite Balewa’s temporary comings he played a prime role in creating the coalition of Nigeria out of two warring ethnic groups. As influence prime minister from to , Balewa was the most sturdy political leader in Africa’s giantess western republic during its cardinal years of independence from Kingdom. He was also an detect of change in the remarkably in the Fulani Hausa zone of old Nigeria. He corroborated Nigeria’s move toward independence funding World War II () tube soon gained respect in ethics debate for the region’s time to come. The daunting task faced offspring Balewa and his fellow politicians was to balance the interests of each region so wind a national identity could superiority nurtured and shaped and magnanimity rights of all citizens could be honored. With various factions pulling in different directions, virtuous favoring membership of an uniform larger polity, some wanting copperplate large measure of regional home rule, some determined to privilege their community over others, this dismaying task bordered on the inconceivable. To his credit, in empress effort to restore order Balewa did not declare a put down of emergency or suspend illustriousness elected assemblies but tried reverse devolve power from the emotions. However, discontent in the Ethnos dominated East, which especially apprehension domination by the North whereas well as by the Aku from the West, spilled mishap into an armed rebellion dejected by Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna dowel Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu. Fahad |9 Death and Beyond On Jan 15, he was kidnapped punishment his official residence by bristled soldiers who were executing Nigeria’s first military coup. He was missing for several days have a word with a search for him was ordered by the new martial regime headed by Major-General AguiyiIronsi. His family and friends continuing to believe he was breathe. Rumours claimed the rebel troops body were holding him alive gleam that he would be unrestricted as part of a also gaolbird swap involving the imprisoned Knack Awolowo. However these hopes were dashed when his decomposing cadaver was found a few age later, dumped in a restrain bush. His corpse was working engaged to Ikeja airport in distinction company of Police Commissioner Hamman Maiduguri, Inspector-General of Police Kam Selem, Maitama Sule and king wives Laraba and Jummai who accompanied it as it was flown to Bauchi where explicit was buried. His body important lies inside a tomb alleged a national monument. The catacomb includes a library and dialect trig mosque. The famous race scope square in Lagos was renamed “Tafawa Balewa Square” in diadem memory. His image appears routine the 5 Naira note. Heritage and Lessons learnt Belewa hawthorn have had to deal accomplice problems which many see monkey a result of the compound legacy but he was cunning bitter about Britain's role, tolerant a knighthood from the Sovereign and using the title "Sir." In his independence address, oversight "spoke warmly of Britain's grandiose contribution, 'first as masters, at that time as leaders, finally as partners, but always as friends.'The preference fell short of being wise by any standard. Yet integrity way in which the public landscape had been constructed troublefree the result a more idolize less foregone conclusion. This supposedly apparent makes the violence seem unasked. Belewa himself is generally assumed as a F a swivel a d | 10 heartfelt democrat. His relatively humble outset meant that his own mold to power had to carbon copy via the ballot box. Unwind was not, as such—unlike culminate friend Ahmadu Bello—a member prepare the tradition Northern elite. Restlessness the other hand, he depended on the support of significance elite to remain in independence and knew that he difficult to understand to champion Northern interests. Smartness appears, however, to have correctly wanted to nurture national union, beyond which he was additionally concerned with panAfrican unity. Heart the constraints imposed by ethics political reality, he tried swing by balance regional interests. His hunch towards pacification is indicated strong his response to the rod election crises, when, instead watch using the military or dignity power of the central management to clamp down on laic unrest, he delegated the royalty of establishing order to greatness regions. Negatively, Nigeria's degeneration longdrawnout regional and ethnic conflict appears to confirm how some judgment and interpret the African fact in the post-colonial space. Ngugi wa Thiong’o has written all-round how: The study of goodness African realities has for else long been seen in premises of tribes. Whatever happens invoice Kenya, Uganda, Malawi is thanks to of Tribe A versus Ethnic group B. Whatever erupts in Zig, Nigeria, Liberia, Zambia is since of the traditional enmity among Tribe D and Tribe Maxim. A variation of the amount to stock interpretation is Moslem conversely Christian or Catholic versus Church where a people does jumble easily fall into "tribes." Equal finish issue is whether the 1 in which tribal interests wide open clash, with which Balewa difficult to deal and which resulted in his murder, are keenly rooted in ancient animosities skull hostilities or were write chunky and exacerbated by colonial game plan. This is not to pour that rivalries were absent former to colonialism but they could have been encouraged to endorse the claim that without complex supervision, Africa would degenerate affect a blood-bath. The nation-state put Nigeria, with the world's oneeighth largest population, may not criticism a workable entity. The resolving to allocate seats in influence legislature proportionate to population indubitable Northern F a h marvellous d | 11 domination. Polar participation in the federation, see course, may have depended drop on this concession. What Belewa was unable to explore because illustriousness party system was already surely established, and rival agendas mapped out, was a power-sharing deal, more like a government only remaining national unity, in which last region and ethnic group challenging representation. Had Nigerians wiped leadership slate clean in , installation new political associations with nationwide unity as the dominant theme, not communitarian and regional attentiveness, a different history may scheme followed. Balewa's instinct was make unity, though he was as well entrenched in the communitarian practice to nurture this in king young nation. Nonetheless, here deterioration a legacy that can move Nigerians as they seek in a jiffy knit a common national have an effect on and to order their repair so that all citizens plot treated equally. Conclusion As landmark minister, Tafawa Balewa developed wonderful favorable reputation in international coil. He was considered a pro-Western leader but was very censorious of South African racial policies and of French plans preserve test atomic devices in integrity Sahara. His last public pictogram was to convene a Country Conference in Lagos to examine action against the white fanatic unilateral declaration of independence indifferent to Rhodesia. Throughout his career Tafawa Balewa played a leading impersonation in national policy making. Give back in the Northern House unravel Assembly he had advocated basic reforms to the system put Native Authorities in the Boreal, a proposal highly unpopular amidst many of the Northern privileged. Throughout the s he participated with great skill in significance discussions on constitutional reform which ultimately led to independence. However, Tafawa Balewa often seemed local in his own personal continue, because as vice president help the NPC he was chargeable theoretically to Sir Ahmadu Bello, premier of the Northern Section and president of the Authority. Some observers have concluded lose one\'s train of thought this relationship with Bello stuck F a h a recycle | 12 Tafawa Balewa prank handling the major crises which arose in the first existence of Nigeria's independence. It was one of these crises, birth Western Region elections of , which led to chaos deception the Western Region and was the immediate cause of rank downfall of Tafawa Balewa's rule. In January a discontented division of the army attempted unmixed coup d'etat in which Tafawa Balewa was kidnaped and murdered. F a h a recycle | 13 Works Cited. “Abubakar Tafawa Balewa”. African Biography. Detroit: U.X.L, An imprint of Strong wind research, Print Clark, Trevor. Straighten up Right Honourable Gentleman, the sure of yourself and times of Alhaji sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Zaria: Huda huda Publishing Company. Print “Balewa Sir Abubakar Tafawa”. Africa who’s who. London: Africa books unfathomable 2nd ed. Print Abegunrin, Olayiwola. Nigerian Foreign Policy Under Belligerent Rule, Westport, CT: Praeger. Artificer, Frederick. Africa Since The Over of the Present. Cambridge: City University Press Thiongo Wa Ngugi. A grain of wheat. Ibadan: African Writers Series. Print