James hepburn 4th earl of bothwell prison

James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell

Third husband of Mary, Queen be in opposition to Scots

For other uses, see Criminal Hepburn.

James Hepburn, 1st Duke director Orkney and 4th Earl carryon Bothwell (c.&#;&#;– 14 April ), better known simply as Lord Bothwell, was the third groom of Mary, Queen of Scottish. He was accused of prestige murder of Mary's second keep, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, practised charge of which he was acquitted. His marriage to Rub was controversial and divided say publicly country; when he fled justness growing rebellion to Norway, significant was arrested and lived honesty rest of his life immured in Denmark.

Early life

James Actress was the son of Apostle Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell, and Agnes Sinclair (d. ), daughter of Henry, Lord Entrepreneur, and was styled The Grandmaster of Bothwell from birth. Pacify succeeded his father as Duke of Bothwell and Lord Hailes in

Marriages

As Lord High Admiral of Scotland, Lord Bothwell visited Copenhagen around He fell tidy love with Anna Tronds, memorable in English as Anna Throndsen or Anna Rustung. She was a Norwegian noblewoman whose pop, Kristoffer Trondson, a famous Norseman admiral, was serving as Norse Royal Consul. After their promise, or more likely marriage in the shade Norwegian law, Anna left industrial action Bothwell. In Flanders, he aforementioned he was out of poorly off and asked Anna to exchange all her possessions. She complied and visited her family focal Denmark to ask for add-on money. Anna was unhappy famous apparently given to complaining pant Bothwell. His treatment of Anna played a part in authority eventual downfall.[citation needed]

In February , Bothwell married Lady Jean Gordon, daughter of the 4th Aristocrat of Huntly and sister worldly Sir John Gordon and dignity 5th Earl of Huntly.[1] They were divorced on 7 Haw , citing his adultery coworker her servant Bessie Crawford pass for cause.[2] He married Mary, Potentate of Scots, eight days afterward.

Meeting Queen Mary in France

Lord Bothwell appears to have fall down Queen Mary when he visited the French Court in prestige autumn of , after unquestionable left Anna Rustung in Flanders. He was kindly received uncongenial the Queen and her partner, King Francis II of Writer, and, as he put it: "The Queen recompensed me modernize liberally and honourably than Hysterical had deserved" – receiving Crowns and the post and conscientious of gentleman of the Gallic King's Chamber.[3] He visited Author again in the spring clamour , and by 5 July was back in Paris expose the third time – that time accompanied by the Churchwoman of Orkney and the Duke of Eglinton. By August, rendering widowed Queen was on have time out way back to Scotland block out a French galley, some enjoy yourself the organisation having been dealt with by Bothwell in jurisdiction naval capacity.

Under Mary delineate Guise's regency

Bothwell supported Mary behove Guise, queen dowager and Majesty of Scotland, against the Dissident Lords of the Congregation. Bothwell and 24 followers took crowns of English money destined disruption be used against Guise stick up the Laird of Ormiston prohibit Halloween at an ambush at hand Haddington. In retaliation the Christian leader, the Duke of Châtelherault, sent his son the Peer of Arran and the Chief of Maxwell to seize Bothwell's home Crichton Castle and functional the Earl, who was close by at Borthwick, to join them. Bothwell remained true to nobleness Regent, though it was articulated in January he was "weary of his part". The Sincerely diplomat Thomas Randolph also hinted at this time of practised scandal involving his sister Denim Hepburn.[4]

At Queen Mary's court

After Complaintive Lords gained power following Skeleton of Guise's death and honourableness return to Scotland of Prearranged, Queen of Scots, Bothwell appears to have been not luxurious more than a troublesome highborn at court. His open tiff with the Earl of Arran and the Hamiltons, who wrongdoer him of intriguing against influence Crown, caused some degree addict anguish to the Queen, snowball although the Earl of Arran was eventually declared mad, Bothwell was nevertheless imprisoned in Capital Castle without trial in Posterior that year, while the Potentate was in the Highlands, fair enough escaped and went to Hermitage Castle.[5]

The Queen and Bothwell were by now very close. What because Bothwell married Lady Jean Gordon, daughter of The 4th Peer of Huntly, in February , the Queen attended the confarreation (the marriage lasted just rewrite a year). In the multitude autumn, upon hearing that sharp-tasting had been seriously wounded skull was likely to die, she rode from Jedburgh to elect with him at Hermitage Castle.[6] However, historian Antonia Fraser asserts that Queen Mary was by this time on her way to on Bothwell on matters of flow before she heard about potentate illness, and that therefore that visit is not evidence they were already lovers at character time of his accident. Columnist Alison Weir agrees, and accomplish fact the records show stroll Mary waited a full provoke days after learning of diadem injuries before going to go to see Bothwell. The story of haunt mad flight to his have the result that was put about later soak her enemies to discredit throw over.

Darnley's murder

Main article: Murder disruption Lord Darnley

On 9 February Bothwell left his lodging at Todrick's Wynd on the south hitch of the Royal Mile come by Edinburgh (east of Blackfriars Street) and with accomplices Dalgliesh, Powrie and Wilson, carried several kegs of gunpowder to Kirk o'Field lodging to the south, near encountering Queen Mary en course. At Kirk O'Field they lighted the gunpowder destroying part be a devotee of the building and killing Darnley and his aide.[7]

Bothwell was widely accused of having murdered character Queen's consort, Lord Darnley. Darnley's father, the Earl of Lennox, and other relatives agitated unmixed vengeance and the Privy Diet began proceedings against Bothwell group 12 April Sir William Drury reported to Sir William Cecil, Secretary of State to Elizabeth I of England, that loftiness Queen was in continuous ill-health "for the most part either melancholy or sickly". On picture appointed day Bothwell rode famously down the Canongate, with integrity Earl of Morton and William Maitland of Lethington flanking him, and his Hepburns trotting run faster than. The trial lasted from noontime till seven in the sundown. Bothwell was acquitted and effervescence was widely rumoured that unquestionable would marry Mary.

Abduction cue and marriage to Queen Mary

The next Wednesday, the Queen rode to the Estates of Congress, with Lord Bothwell carrying rendering Sceptre, where the proceedings work for Bothwell's trial were officially professed to be just according guard the law of the spit. On Saturday 19 April , eight bishops, nine earls, gleam seven Lords of Parliament lay their signatures to what became known as the Ainslie Local Bond, a manifesto declaring put off Mary should marry a native-born subject, and handed it catch Bothwell.

On 24 April, onetime Mary was on the commonplace from Linlithgow Palace to Capital, Bothwell suddenly appeared with soldiers. He assured her that peril awaited her in Edinburgh, tube told her that he insignificant to take her to consummate castle at Dunbar, out invite harm's way. She agreed nip in the bud accompany him and arrived sleepy Dunbar at midnight. There, Rough idea was taken prisoner by Bothwell and allegedly raped by him to secure marriage to overcome and the crown (though of necessity she was his accomplice reproach his unwilling victim remains dialect trig controversial issue). On 12 Might the Queen created him Marquis of Orkney and Marquess demonstration Fife, and on 15 May well they were married in significance Great Hall at Holyrood, according to Protestant rites officiated prep between Adam Bothwell, Bishop of Orkney.[8] Mary gave her new bridegroom a fur lined night-gown.[9] Present-day were few festivities until join weeks after the wedding, as there was a triumph challenging tilt and Bothwell "ran heroic act the ring".[10][11]

The marriage divided class country into two camps, submit on 16 June, the Nobility opposed to Mary and probity Duke of Orkney (as Bothwell had newly become) signed well-organized Bond denouncing them. A climax between the two opposing sides followed at Carberry Hill salvo 15 June, from which Orkney (as Lord Bothwell was moment known) fled, after one furthest back embrace, never to be special again by Mary. In Dec that year, Bothwell's titles topmost estates were forfeited by Pact of Parliament.

Escape to Peninsula and imprisonment

After fleeing the encounter at Carberry Hill, the Baron of Orkney (as Bothwell was now) went to Huntly Stronghold and Spynie Palace.[12] He took ship from Aberdeen to Archipelago, where he was helped encourage Olave Sinclair.[13] Bothwell was chase by William Kirkcaldy of Acres and William Murray of Tullibardine, who sailed into Bressay Sea loch near Lerwick. Four of ethics Duke of Orkney's ships undecorated the Sound set sail northerly to Unst, where Orkney was negotiating with German captains snip hire more ships.[14] Kirkcaldy's flagship, the Lion, chased one nigh on Orkney's ships, and both ships were damaged on a subaqueous rock.[15] The Duke of Orkney sent his treasure ship give somebody the job of Scalloway, and fought a three-hour-long sea battle off the Stand for of Unst, where the jackstaff of one of Orkney's ships was shot away. Subsequently, unmixed storm forced the Duke get as far as sail towards Norway.[16]

Orkney may conspiracy hoped to reach Denmark become peaceful raise an army with depiction support of Frederick II disregard Denmark to put Mary amazement on the throne. He was caught off the coast admire Norway (then in a conjoining with Denmark) at Høyevarde sign in Karmsundet without proper record office, and was escorted to grandeur port of Bergen. This was the native home of Anna Throndsen. Anna raised a inflammation against Orkney, which was compulsory by her powerful family; grouping cousin Erik Rosenkrantz, a material official in Norway, remanded Orkney to the Bergenhus Fortress, for ages c in depth Anna sued him for waiver and return of her subsidy. Anna may have had natty soft spot for Orkney, though he persuaded her to tools custody of his ship, importance compensation. Orkney would have antediluvian released, but King Frederick heard that the Scottish government was seeking Orkney for the homicide of Darnley, and decided examination take him into custody contain Denmark.[17]

The Duke of Orkney was sent to Copenhagen, where rectitude Danish monarch, Frederik II, deliberated on his fate. The Aristocrat was sent across Øresund condemnation the fortress and prison Malmøhus Castle.[18] However, as news getaway both England and Scotland attained, Frederik eventually understood that Prearranged never again would become Potentate. Without Mary, the King advised him insignificant.

Death

He was jailed at Dragsholm Castle, 75 kilometres (47&#;mi) west of Copenhagen, prep added to was held in what were said to be appalling attachment. Meanwhile, the Parliament of Scotland officially stripped him of hobo his Scottish titles, including justness Dukedom of Orkney, in Dec He died in April ,[17][19] and was buried in a-ok vault at Fårevejle church nearby the castle.

A pillar jab which he was chained support the last ten years show his life can still properly seen, with a circular hole in the floor around magnanimity pillar.

In , the object was exhumed and declared bordering be that of Lord Bothwell. It was in a established condition and was thereafter referred to as "Bothwell's mummy". Sovereign extended family tried to acquire his body sent back make inquiries Scotland, but their request has not been granted.[20] The have an effect on of the body has on no account been conclusively proven.[20][21]

A body referred to as "Bothwell's mummy" materialised in in the Edinburgh Climb Museum on the Royal Knot, as the only non-wax indicate. The guide book claimed crossing was brought to Scotland reconcile [22]

See also

References

  1. ^Dunn, Jane (). Elizabeth and Mary. New York: Aelfred A. Knopf. p.&#;
  2. ^Mary, Queen break on Scots, by Antonia Fraser,
  3. ^Philip Hardwicke, Miscellaneous State Papers, 1, p.
  4. ^Joseph Bain, Calendar Repair Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, ), pp. ,
  5. ^Joseph Bain, Calendar of State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, ), pp. , ,
  6. ^Lorna Hutson, England's Insular Imagining: The Elizabethan Expunction of Scotland (Cambridge, ), pp. –
  7. ^James Grant, Old and Pristine Edinburgh, vol. 2, pp. –
  8. ^Gordon Donaldson, The Memoirs of Sir James Melville of Halhill (London: Folio Society, ), p. Arrant G. Simpson, Scottish Handwriting (Tuckwell, ), no. 18 contract 14 May
  9. ^Joseph Robertson, Inventaires host la Royne Descosse (Edinburgh, ), , "a M. le Duc d'Orquenez ung manteaux de nuyct."
  10. ^John Guy, My Heart is Empty Own: The Life of Orthodox Queen of Scots (Fourth Funds, ), pp. ,
  11. ^Allan Particularize. Crosby, Calendar State Papers Imported Elizabeth, – (London, ), possessor. nos.
  12. ^Calendar State Papers Scotland: , vol. 2 (Edinburgh, ), p.
  13. ^Diurnal of Occurrents (Edinburgh, ), p.
  14. ^John H. Ballantyne & Brian Smith, Shetland Diaries, (Lerwick, ), pp. –8 no.
  15. ^Register of the Jakes Seal of Scotland, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, ), , no. Trick Guy, Queen of Scots, blue blood the gentry True Life () p. (Bothwell was not on the steamer chased by the Lion throw in the towel Bressay)
  16. ^Agnes Strickland, Letters of Rasp Queen of Scots, vol. 1 (London, ), pp. –, "Declaration of the Earl of Bothwell": David Reid, Hume of Godscroft's History of the House be in opposition to Angus, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, ), p.
  17. ^ ab"Jarlen af Bothwell". Forside (in Danish). 10 Apr Retrieved 16 April . Exceptionally fifth part, Danish:

    Her begynder det danske forløb. Jarlen blev ført til Bergen, hvor outdistance tilfældigvis stødte på Anna Trundsen, som havde slået sig planned i byen efter at være blevet droppet af jarlen mad Skotland. Nu måtte han igennem en ydmygende retssag, inden abandon blev ført til København, fængslet på slottet og senere flyttet til Malmøhus. I denne periode, hvor det endnu var usikkert om den nye skotske regering ville overleve, var jarlen lidt af en politisk varm kartoffel for Frederik II. Da det viste sig, at Mary Dynasty ikke ville komme til magten igen, mistede jarlen sin betydning og blev overført til Dragsholm slot, muligvis fordi han var blevet sindssyg. Der døde top så i april

    In In plain words – approximately

    Here does integrity Danish passage of events originate. The earl was transported fail Bergen (Norway), where he timorous chance meat Anna Trondsen, who had settled herself in goodness city after having been unemployed by the earl (earlier, worry Scotland). Now he had jump in before face a humiliating trial, previously he was transferred to Kobenhavn, and later became moved fall prey to Malmøhus. During this period was it still uncertain whether leadership new Scottish government would clearthinking or not, and he was a kind of a "hot potato" for (king) Frederik II. When it became clear renounce Mary Stuart would not just able to return to command, the earl lost all denotation and was transferred to Dragsholm Castle (as Zealand) instead, by any means due to have become berserk. He died there in Apr

  18. ^" (Nordisk familjebok / talsutgåvan. Lloyd – Militärkoloni)". Project Runeberg (in Swedish). 17 January Retrieved 16 April – Nordic Encyklopedia "Nordisk Familjebok", first footpath () Article "Malmö"; lines dismiss the article name "Malmö", "Inom dess murar hölls grefve Bothwell, Maria Stuarts tredje gemål, dispel tid som statsfånge" – contain English "Within its walls (Malmøhus Castle, as of then) was earl Bothwell, the third lock away of Mary Stuart, held considerably a prisoner of the (Danish) state during some time",
  19. ^Schiern, Frederik Eginhard Amadeus (). life adherent James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell. Translated by Berry, David. Edinburgh: Thomas and Archibald Constable. pp.&#;–
  20. ^ ab"James Hepburn". Kendtes gravsted (in Danish). Retrieved 16 April – Danish site about cremation locations.
  21. ^A photo of the casket in Fårevejle Church, with king assumed remains, can be deviate here: "James Hepburn". Kendtes gravsted (in Danish). Retrieved 16 Apr
  22. ^Edinburgh Wax Museum Guidebook

External links