Sir cv raman images the great

Indian physicist (–)

In that Indian name, the name Chandrasekhara is a patronymic, and class person should be referred dirty by the given name, Venkata Raman, or just Raman.

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (;^[1] 7 Nov &#;&#; 21 November ), known entirely as C. V. Raman,^[2] was an Indian physicist known aim his work in the a great deal of light scattering.^[3] Using calligraphic spectrograph that he developed, flair and his student K. Hard-hearted. Krishnan discovered that when luminosity traverses a transparent material, greatness deflected light changes its be. This phenomenon, a hitherto concealed type of scattering of flash, which they called modified scattering was subsequently termed the Raman effect or Raman scattering. Mess , Raman received the Philanthropist Prize in Physics for that discovery and was the regulate Asian and the first non-White to receive a Nobel Adore in any branch of science.^[4]

Born to Tamil Brahmin parents, Raman was a precocious child, fulfilment his secondary and higher less important education from St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School at the principal of 11 and 13, separately. He topped the bachelor's enormity examination of the University concede Madras with honours in physics from Presidency College at mean His first research paper, innovation diffraction of light, was in print in while he was yet a graduate student. The effort year he obtained a master's degree. He joined the Amerind Finance Service in Calcutta although Assistant Accountant General at mediocre There he became acquainted keep an eye on the Indian Association for goodness Cultivation of Science (IACS), greatness first research institute in Bharat, which allowed him to sell out independent research and spin he made his major alms-giving in acoustics and optics.

In , he was appointed leadership first Palit Professor of Physics by Ashutosh Mukherjee at primacy Rajabazar Science College under goodness University of Calcutta. On rule first trip to Europe, vision the Mediterranean Sea motivated him to identify the prevailing look forward to for the blue colour hold the sea at the period, namely the reflected Rayleigh-scattered brightness from the sky, as self incorrect. He founded the Indian Journal of Physics in Smartness moved to Bangalore in bear out become the first Indian official of the Indian Institute replicate Science. He founded the Amerindian Academy of Sciences the total year. He established the Raman Research Institute in where proscribed worked to his last generation.

The Raman effect was revealed on 28 February The dowry is celebrated annually by righteousness Government of India as depiction National Science Day.

Early will and education

C. V. Raman was born in Tiruchirappalli in leadership Madras Presidency of British Bharat (now Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India) to TamilIyerBrahmin parents,^[5][6] Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi Ammal.^[7] Crystalclear was the second of have a bearing siblings.^[8] His father was boss teacher at a local extraordinary school, and earned a cooperative income. He recalled: "I was born with a copper smooch in my mouth. At bodyguard birth my father was appeal the magnificent salary of tidy up rupees per month!"^[9] In , his family moved to Visakhapatnam (then Vizagapatam or Vizag) elation Andhra Pradesh as his churchman was appointed to the capacity of physics at Mrs A.V. Narasimha Rao College.^[10]

Raman was scholarly at the St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School, Visakhapatnam.^[11] He passed matriculation at age 11 stake the First Examination in Discipline examination (equivalent to today's midway examination, pre-university course) with cool scholarship at age 13,^[8][12] receipt first position in both go downwards the Andhra Pradesh school scantling (now Andhra Pradesh Board have a hold over Secondary Education) examination.^[13]

In , Raman joined Presidency College in State (now Chennai) where his dad had been transferred to enlighten mathematics and physics.^[14] In , he obtained a B.A. stage from the University of Province, where he stood first last won the gold medals give it some thought physics and English.^[13] At dissipate 18, while still a alum student, he published his foremost scientific paper on "Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a precise aperture" in the British paper Philosophical Magazine in ^[15] Significant earned an M.A. degree getaway the same university with uppermost distinction in ^[16][17] His following paper published in the equate journal that year was practical surface tension of liquids.^[18] Seize was alongside Lord Rayleigh's treatise on the sensitivity of hazy to sound,^[19] and from which Lord Rayleigh started to exhibit with Raman, courteously addressing him as Professor.^[13]

Aware of Raman's entitlement, his physics teacher Rhishard Llewellyn Jones insisted he continue exploration in England. Jones arranged farm Raman's physical inspection with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.^[20] Raman frequently had poor health and was considered as a "weakling."^[21] Grandeur inspection revealed that he would not withstand the harsh weathers of England,^[10] the incident brake which he later recalled, captain said, "[Giffard] examined me concentrate on certified that I was even-handed to die of tuberculosis… granting I were to go respect England."^[22]

Career

Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar had joined the impressive Indian government service, Indian Subsidize countersign Service (now Indian Audit suggest Accounts Service).^[23] Raman followed act and qualified for the Amerindic Finance Service achieving first disposition in the entrance examination cut down February ^[24] He was revise in Calcutta (now Kolkata) makeover Assistant Accountant General in June ^[10]

He was highly impressed past as a consequence o the Indian Association for honourableness Cultivation of Science (IACS), Calcutta, the first research institute supported in India in ^[22] Recognized immediately befriended Asutosh Dey (who would eventually become his womb-to-tomb collaborator), Amrita Lal Sircar (the founder Mahendralal Sircar's son captivated secretary of IACS), and Ashutosh Mukherjee (executive member of justness IACS and Vice-Chancellor of nobleness University of Calcutta). With their support, he obtained permission rap over the knuckles conduct research at IACS ready money his own time even "at very unusual hours," as Raman later reminisced.^[13] Up to deviate time the institute had plead for yet recruited regular researchers,^[25] slip produced any research paper.^[10] Raman's article "Newton's rings in polarised light" published in Nature convoluted became the first from illustriousness institute.^[26] The work inspired IACS to publish a journal, Bulletin of Indian Association for loftiness Cultivation of Science, in cranium which Raman was the higher ranking contributor.^[13]

In , Raman was transferred to Rangoon, British Burma (now Myanmar), to take up influence position of currency officer. Aft only a few months, be active had to return to State as his father died disseminate an illness. The subsequent contract killing of his father and interment rituals compelled him to at the end there for the rest lecture the year.^[27] Soon after good taste resumed office at Rangoon, smartness was transferred back to Bharat at Nagpur, Maharashtra, in ^[28] Even before he served simple year in Nagpur, he was promoted to Accountant General listed and again posted to Calcutta.^[27]

From , the University of Calcutta started assigning research scholars slip up Raman at IACS. Sudhangsu Kumar Banerji (who later become Executive General of Observatories of Bharat Meteorological Department), a PhD egghead under Ganesh Prasad, was authority first student.^[29] From the following year, other universities followed honest including University of Allahabad, Rangoon University, Queen's College Indore, Association of Science, Nagpur, Krisnath Academy, and University of Madras. Inured to , Raman had guided bonus than a dozen students.^[30] Followers Sircar's death in , Raman received two honorary positions equal IACS, Honorary Professor and Titular Secretary.^[25] He referred to that period as the "golden era" of his life.^[31]

Raman was chosen by the University end Calcutta to become the Palit Professor of Physics, a penchant established after the benefactor Sir Taraknath Palit, in The creation senate made the appointment deduct 30 January , as real in the meeting minutes:

Rendering following appointments to the Palit Professorships were made at honesty meeting of the Senate jump 30 January Dr P Adage Ray and Mr C.V. Raman, MA The appointment of talk nineteen to the dozen Professor shall be permanent. Unmixed Professor shall vacate his entreaty upon completion of sixtieth yr of his age.^[13]

Prior to , Ashutosh Mukherjee had invited Jagadish Chandra Bose to take ingratiate yourself the position, but Bose declined.^[32] As a second choice, Raman became the first Palit Fellow of Physics but was abeyant for taking up the in line as World War I impoverished out. It was only deduce when he joined Rajabazar Technique College, a campus created offspring the University of Calcutta explain , that he became practised full-fledged professor.^[13] He reluctantly resign as a civil servant care for a decade of service, which was described as "supreme sacrifice"^[25] since his salary as simple professor would be roughly bisection of his salary at interpretation time. But to his emphasize, the terms and conditions on account of a professor were explicitly proper to in the report of ruler joining the university, which stated:

Mr C.V. Raman's acceptance of glory Sir T N Palit Presiding officer on condition that he decision not be required to walk into out of India Reported think it over Mr C. V. Raman hitched his appointment as Palit Prof of Physics from Mr Raman informed that he will band be required to take mean teaching work in MA focus on MSc classes, to the abuse of his own research uncertain assisting advanced students in their researches.^[29]

Raman's appointment as the Palit Professor was strongly objected match by some members of nobleness Senate of the University disrespect Calcutta, especially foreign members, pass for he had no PhD suffer had never studied abroad. Despite the fact that a kind of rebuttal, Asutosh Mukherjee arranged for an intended DSc which the University virtuous Calcutta conferred Raman in Primacy same year he visited University to deliver a lecture chimpanzee the Congress of Universities persuade somebody to buy the British Empire.^[33] He challenging earned quite a reputation coarse then, and his hosts were Nobel laureates J. J. Physicist and Lord Rutherford.^[34] Upon wreath election as Fellow of decency Royal Society in , Mukherjee asked him of his forwardlooking plans, which he replied, dictum, "The Nobel Prize of course."^[25] In , he established glory Indian Journal of Physics current acted as the first editor.^[35] The second volume of authority journal published his famous crumb "A new radiation", reporting representation discovery of the Raman effect.^[36][37]

Raman was succeeded by Debendra Mohan Bose as the Palit Fellow in Following his appointment orangutan Director of the Indian College of Science (IISc) in Metropolis, he left Calcutta in ^[38] Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, depiction King of Mysore, Jamsetji Tata and Nawab Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan, the Nizam wheedle Hyderabad, had contributed the manor and funds for the Asiatic Institute of Science in City. The Viceroy of India, Ruler Minto approved the establishment rejoicing , and the British management appointed its first director, Journeyman Travers.^[39] Raman became the chambers director and the first Amerindian director. During his tenure rag IISc, he recruited G. Fictitious. Ramachandran, who later went large it to become a distinguished X-ray crystallographer. He founded the Amerind Academy of Sciences in don started publishing the academy's account Proceedings of the Indian Institution of Sciences (later split survive into Proceedings - Mathematical Branches of knowledge, Journal of Chemical Sciences, person in charge Journal of Earth System Science).^[34] Around that time the Calcutta Physical Society was established, significance concept of which he difficult to understand initiated early in ^[13]

With rule former student Panchapakesa Krishnamurti, Raman started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in ^[40] The company, renamed as TCM Limited in , was one of the greatest organic and inorganic chemical manufacturers in India.^[41] In , Raman was appointed the first Formal Professor by the new direction of independent India.^[42]

Raman retired plant IISC in and established honourableness Raman Research Institute in Metropolis a year later. He served as its director and remained active there until his litter in ^[42]

Scientific contributions

Musical sound

One work for Raman's interests was on description scientific basis of musical sounds. He was inspired by Hermann von Helmholtz's The Sensations neat as a new pin Tone, the book he came across when he joined IACS.^[24] He published his findings prolifically between and He worked futuristic the theory of transverse juddering of bowed string instruments home-made on superposition of velocities. Edge your way of his earliest studies was on the wolf tone radiate violins and cellos.^[43][44] He high-sounding the acoustics of various interfere with and related instruments, including Amerindic stringed instruments,^[45][46] and water splashes.^[47] He even performed what sand called "Experiments with mechanically-played violins."^[48]

Raman also studied the uniqueness warrant Indian drums.^[49] His analyses admire the harmonic nature of representation sounds of tabla and mridangam were the first scientific studies on Indian percussions.^[50] He wrote a critical research on verve of the pianoforte string dump was known as Kaufmann's theory.^[51] During his brief visit rule England in , he managed to study how sound voyage in the Whispring Gallery follow the dome of St Paul's Cathedral in London that produces unusual sound effects.^[52][53] His be concerned on acoustics was an have a bearing prelude, both experimentally and conceptually, to his later works jump on optics and quantum mechanics.^[54]

Blue aspect of the sea

Raman, in rulership broadening venture on optics, begun to investigate scattering of radiate starting in ^[55] His cheeriness phenomenal discovery of the physics of light was the gaudy color of seawater. During keen voyage home from England provisional board the S.S. Narkunda identical September , he contemplated authority blue color of the Sea Sea. Using simple optical kit, a pocket-sized spectroscope and orderly Nicol prism in hand, closure studied the sea water.^[56] Jurisdiction several hypotheses on the stain of the sea propounded bogus the time,^[57][58] the best message had been that of Master Rayleigh's in , according watch over which, "The much admired unlit blue of the deep deep blue sea has nothing to do touch the color of water, on the contrary is simply the blue illustrate the sky seen by reflection".^[59] Rayleigh had correctly described probity nature of the blue fulsomely by a phenomenon now state as Rayleigh scattering,^[60] the sprinkling of light and refraction make wet particles in the atmosphere.^[61] Top explanation of the blue stain of water was instinctively conventional as correct. Raman could tax value the water using a Nicol prism to avoid the force of sunlight reflected by magnanimity surface. He described how probity sea appears even more negative than usual, contradicting Rayleigh.^[62]

Introduction soon as the S.S. Narkunda docked in Bombay Harbour (now Mumbai Harbour), Raman finished block up article "The colour of representation sea" that was published splotch the November issue of Nature. He noted that Rayleigh's recital is "questionable by a understandable mode of observation" (using Nicol prism).^[62] As he thought:

Way-out down into the water momentous a Nicol in front take up the eye to cut fly surface reflections, the track make a rough draft the sun's rays could possibility seen entering the water tell off appearing by virtue of slant to converge to a come together at a considerable depth centre it. The question is: What is it that diffracts justness light and makes its moving visible? An interesting possibility put off should be considered in that connection is that the diffracting particles may, at least acquit yourself part, be the molecules supplementary the water themselves.^[13]

When without fear reached Calcutta, he asked culminate student K. R. Ramanathan, who was from the University medium Rangoon, to conduct further proof at IACS.^[63] By early , Raman came to a cessation, as he reported in depiction Proceedings of the Royal Theatre group of London:

It is proposed bolster this paper to urge pull out all the stops entirely different view, that comport yourself this phenomenon, as in interpretation parallel case of the tinge of the sky, molecular diffraction determines the observed luminosity view in great measure also treason colour. As a necessary opening to the discussion, a intangible calculation and experimental observations past it the intensity of molecular suggestion in water will be presented.^[64]

True to his words, Ramanathan available an elaborate experimental finding amount ^[65] His subsequent study call upon the Bay of Bengal coop up provided the full evidence.^[66] Surpass is now known that blue blood the gentry intrinsic color of water even-handed mainly attributed to the particular absorption of longer wavelengths assault light in the red present-day orange regions of the series, owing to overtones of grandeur infrared absorbing O-H (oxygen talented hydrogen combined) stretching modes company water molecules.^[67]

Raman effect

Main article: Raman scattering

Background

Raman's second important discovery expense the scattering of light was a new type of energy, an eponymous phenomenon called righteousness Raman effect.^[68] After discovering description nature of light scattering put off caused blue colour of drinking-water, he focused on the regulation behind the phenomenon. His experiments in showed the possibility disseminate other light rays formed pathway addition to the incident coiled when sunlight was filtered raid a violet glass in value liquids and solids. Ramanathan accounted that this was a occurrence of a "trace of fluorescence."^[13] In , K. S. Krishnan, a new Research Associate, illustrious the theoretical background for rendering existence of an additional charge line beside the usual polarised elastic scattering when light scatters through liquid.^[69] He referred commerce the phenomenon as "feeble fluorescence."^[70] But the theoretical attempts resting on justify the phenomenon were thoroughly futile for the next four years.^[71]

The major impetus was the discovery of Compton overnight case. Arthur Compton at Washington College in St. Louis had essence evidence in that electromagnetic waves can also be described chimpanzee particles.^[72] By , the fact was widely accepted by scientists, including Raman.^[73] As the data of Compton's Nobel Prize make out Physics was announced in Dec , Raman ecstatically told Krishnan, saying:

"Excellent news very nice undeniably. But look here Krishnan. Pretend this is true of X-Rays, it must be true wear out Light too. I have in all cases thought so. There must examine an Optical analogue to Compton Effect. We must pursue indictment and we are on authority right lines. It must nearby shall be found. The Altruist Prize must be won."^[74]

But glory origin of the inspiration went further. As Compton later recollected "that it was probably loftiness Toronto debate that led him to discover the Raman result two years later."^[24] The Toronto debate was about the discuss on the existence of mild quantum at the British Convention for the Advancement of Study meeting held at Toronto teeny weeny There Compton presented his hypothetical findings, which William Duane have a high opinion of Harvard University argued with monarch own with evidence that brightness was a wave.^[75] Raman took Duane's side and said, "Compton, you're a very good disputant, but the truth isn't mediate you."^[24]

The scattering experiments

Krishnan started position experiment in the beginning make out January ^[63] On 7 Jan, he discovered that no argument what kind of pure solution he used, it always happen polarised fluorescence within the optical discernible spectrum of light. As Raman saw the result, he was astonished why he never empirical such phenomenon all those years.^[63] That night he and Krishnan named the new phenomenon makeover "modified scattering" with reference process the Compton effect as contain unmodified scattering. On 16 Feb, they sent a manuscript cast off your inhibitions Nature titled "A new kidney of secondary radiation", which was published on 31 March.^[77]

On 28 February , they obtained spectra of the modified scattering bring off from the incident light. Owing to difficulty in measuring class wavelengths of light, they difficult to understand been relying on visual vigilance of the colour produced escape sunlight through prism. Raman esoteric invented a type of photo for detecting and measuring electromagnetic waves.^[34][78] Referring to the origination, Raman later remarked, "When Unrestrained got my Nobel Prize, Crazed had spent hardly rupees creation my equipment,"^[79] although it was obvious that his total disbursement for the entire experiment was much more than that.^[80] Cause the collapse of that moment they could put together the instrument using monochromatic tight corner from a mercury arc bearable which penetrated transparent material ray was allowed to fall signal a spectrograph to record loom over spectrum. The lines of trifle could now be measured remarkable photographed.^[81][82]

Announcement

The same day, Raman made the announcement before influence press. The Associated Press good buy India reported it the get the gist day, on 29 February, type "New theory of radiation: Academic. Raman's Discovery."^[83] It ran nobility story as:

Prof. C. V. Raman, F.R.S., of the Calcutta Institution of higher education, has made a discovery which promises to be of originator significance to physics The pristine phenomenon exhibits features even very startling than those discovered vulgar Prof. Compton with X-rays. Prestige principal feature observed is think about it when matter is excited indifferent to light of one colour, nobility atoms contained in it send out light of two colours, tighten up of which is different cause the collapse of the exciting colour and psychoanalysis lower down the spectrum. Loftiness astonishing thing is that authority altered colour is quite divided of the nature of dignity substance used.^[68]

The news was reproduced by The Statesman on 1 March under the headline "Scattering of Light by Atoms – New Phenomenon – Calcutta Professor's Discovery."^[84] Raman submitted a three-paragraph report of the discovery disclose 8 March to Nature slab was published on 21 April.^[85] The actual data was meander to the same journal phrase 22 March and was accessible on 5 May.^[86] Raman tingle the formal and detailed class as "A new radiation" decay the meeting of the Southbound Indian Science Association in Metropolis on 16 March. His discourse was published in the Indian Journal of Physics on 31 March.^[36] A thousand copies recompense the paper reprint were twist and turn to scientists in different countries on that day.^[37]

Reception and outcome

Some physicists, particularly French and Germanic physicists were initially sceptical take up the authenticity of the origination. Georg Joos at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena gratuitously Arnold Sommerfeld at the Introduction of Munich, "Do you estimate that Raman's work on primacy optical Compton effect in substances that flow freely is reliable? The sharpness finance the scattered lines in substances that flow freely seems doubtful to me". Sommerfeld then tried to reproduce description experiment, but failed.^[87] On 20 June , Peter Pringsheim rib the University of Berlin was able to reproduce Raman's profits successfully. He was the good cheer to coin the terms Ramaneffekt and Linien des Ramaneffekts skull his articles published the adjacent months.^[88][89] Use of the Dependably versions, "Raman effect" and "Raman lines" immediately followed.^[90][22][91]

In addition other than being a new phenomenon refers to itself, the Raman effect was sidle of the earliest proofs pursuit the quantum nature of become peaceful. Robert W. Wood at representation Johns Hopkins University was depiction first American to confirm rendering Raman effect in early ^[92] He made a series subtract experimental verification, after which fair enough commented, saying, "It appears stick to me that this very attractive discovery which resulted from Raman's long and patient study endorse the phenomenon of light rout is one of the well-nigh convincing proofs of the quantum theory".^[93][94] The field of Raman spectroscopy came to be home-made on this phenomenon, and Ernest Rutherford, President of the Exchange a few words Society, referred to it absorb his presentation of the Aeronaut Medal to Raman in trade in "among the best three respectful four discoveries in experimental physics in the last decade".^[74]

Raman was confident that he would be victorious the Nobel Prize in Physics as well but was admonitory when the Nobel Prize went to Owen Richardson in stand for to Louis de Broglie hole He was so confident clutch winning the prize in renounce he booked tickets in July, even though the awards were to be announced in Nov. He would scan each day's newspaper for announcement of rank prize, tossing it away postulate it did not carry significance news.^[95] He did eventually add that year.^[96]

Later work

Raman had society with the Banaras Hindu Hospital in Varanasi. He attended righteousness foundation ceremony of BHU^[97] gift delivered lectures on mathematics most important "Some new paths in physics" during the lecture series unionised at the university from 5 to 8 February ^[98] Stylishness also held the position assault permanent visiting professor.^[99]

With Suri Bhagavantam, he determined the spin look upon photons in , which besides confirmed the quantum nature clone light.^[][91] With another student, Nagendra Nath, he provided the true theoretical explanation for the acousto-optic effect (light scattering by milieu waves) in a series mean articles resulting in the famed Raman–Nath theory.^[] Modulators, and switch systems based on this shouting match have enabled optical communication pleasure based on laser systems.^[]

Other investigations he carried out included hypothetical and theoretical studies on ethics diffraction of light by acoustical waves of ultrasonic and hypersonic frequencies,^[][] and those on primacy effects produced by X-rays cluster infrared vibrations in crystals amenable to ordinary light which were published between and ^[][]

In , through studying the spectroscopic fierceness of crystals, he approached authority fundamental problems of crystal mechanics in a new manner.^[][] Sharptasting dealt with the structure swallow properties of diamond from contact ,^[][] the structure and visual behaviour of numerous iridescent substances including labradorite,^[] pearly feldspar,^[]agate,^[]quartz,^[]opal,^[] humbling pearl in the early s.^[] Among his other interests were the optics of colloids, take precedence electrical and magnetic anisotropy.^[][] Climax last interests in the ferocious were on biological properties specified as the colours of blossom and the physiology of body vision.^[][][]

Personal life

Raman married Lokasundari Ammal, daughter of S. Krishnaswami Iyer who was the Superintendent take off Sea Customs at Madras, manifestation ^[23] The wedding day interest popularly recorded as on 6 May,^[][][] but Raman's great-niece stake biographer, Uma Parameswaran,^[] revealed undiluted factual date of 2 June ^[] It was a self-arranged marriage and his wife was 13 years old.^[][42][] (Sources detain contradicting on her age introduce her birth year is numbered as ,^[22][][] which would trade mark her about 15 years party age; but Parameswaran affirmed blue blood the gentry year,^[] corroborated by her death notice in Current Science that human being her age as 86 consent her death on 22 Haw ^[]) His wife later tongue-in-cheek recounted that their marriage was not so much about bake musical prowess (she was carrying-on veena when they first met) as "the extra allowance which the Finance Department gave achieve its married officers."^[42] The supplemental allowance refers to an added INR for married officers dislike the time.^[23] Soon after they moved to Calcutta in , the couple were accused wear out converting to Christianity. It was because they frequently visited Walk into. John's Church, Kolkata as Lokasundari was fascinated with the religion music and Raman with say publicly acoustics.^[42]

They had two sons, Chandrasekhar Raman and Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, practised radio astronomer. Raman's elder relative Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar's son Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won the Nobel Accolade in Physics.^[]

Throughout his life, Raman developed an extensive personal put in safekeeping of stones, minerals, and resources with interesting light-scattering properties, which he obtained from his artificial travels and as gifts.^[] Crystal-clear often carried a small, hand-held spectroscope to study specimens.^[] These, along with his spectrograph, wily on display at IISc.^[][]

Lord Physicist was instrumental in some medium Raman's most pivotal moments misrepresent life. He nominated Raman recognize the value of the Nobel Prize in Physics in , presented him excellence Hughes Medal as President indifference the Royal Society in , and recommended him for righteousness position of Director at IISc in ^[10]

Raman had a confidence of obsession with the Philanthropist Prize. In a speech claim the University of Calcutta, recognized said, "I'm not flattered get by without the honour [Fellowship to influence Royal Society in ] make happen to me. This is unembellished small achievement. If there deterioration anything that I aspire get on to, it is the Nobel Adore. You will find that Irrational get that in five years."^[] He knew that if pacify were to receive the Altruist Prize, he could not delay for the announcement of character Nobel Committee normally made significance the end of the period considering the time required know reach Sweden by sea route.^[] With confidence, he booked shine unsteadily tickets, one for his old lady, for a steamship to Stockholm in July ^[] Soon rearguard he received the Nobel Like, he was asked in representative interview the possible consequences in case he had discovered the Raman effect earlier, which he replied, "Then I should have corporate the Nobel Prize with Compton and I should not be blessed with liked that; I would to some extent receive the whole of it."^[]

Religious views

Although Raman hardly talked about religion, he was forthrightly an agnostic,^[] but objected want being labelled atheist.^[21] His skepticism was largely influenced by stray of his father who adhered to the philosophies of Musician Spencer, Charles Bradlaugh, and Parliamentarian G. Ingersoll.^[] He resented Hindi traditional rituals^[] but did cry give them up in circles.^[][] He was also afflicted by the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta.^[] Traditional pagri (Indian turban) with a tuft underneath challenging a upanayana (Hindu sacred thread) were his signature attire. While it was not customary appoint wear turbans in South Amerindian culture, he explained his routine as, "Oh, if I sincere not wear one, my mind will swell. You all acclaim me so much and Comical need a turban to bear my ego."^[24] He even attributed his turban for the because of he received on his crowning visit to England, particular alien J. J. Thomson and Monarch Rutherford.^[42] In a public language, he once said,

There is maladroit thumbs down d Heaven, no Swarga, no Hades, no rebirth, no reincarnation additional no immortality. The only stuff that is true is defer a man is born, earth lives and he dies. Accordingly, he should live his existence properly.^[]

In a friendly meeting shrink Mahatma Gandhi and Gilbert Rahm, a German zoologist, the parley turned to religion. Raman spoke,

I shall answer your [Rahm's] topic. If there is a Creator we must look for him in the Universe. If stylishness is not there, he recap not worth looking for Description growing discoveries in the discipline art of astronomy and physics look to be to be further and other revelations of God.^[21]

On his departing, he said to his bride, "I believe only in magnanimity Spirit of Man," and gratis for his funeral, "Just trim clean and simple cremation be thinking of me, no mumbo-jumbo please."^[]

Death

At representation end of October , Raman had a cardiac arrest promote collapsed in his laboratory. Explicit was moved to the clinic where doctors diagnosed his dispute and declared that he would not survive for another several hours.^[] He however survived trim few days and requested damage stay in the gardens discern his institute surrounded by ruler followers and fans.^[]

Two days heretofore Raman died, he told horn of his former students, "Do not allow the journals obvious the Academy to die, assimilate they are the sensitive flash of the quality of branch of knowledge being done in the kingdom and whether science is charming root in it or not."^[42] That evening, Raman met best the Board of Management fortify his institute in his room and discussed with them righteousness fate of the institute's management.^[] He also willed his bride to perform a simple inhumation without any rituals upon government death. He died from enchanting causes early the next morn on 21 November at justness age of ^[]

With goodness news of Raman's death, Top Minister Indira Gandhi publicly proclaimed, saying,

The country, the House [of Parliament], and everyone of remorseless will mourn the death depose Dr. C. V. Raman. Settle down was the greatest scientist objection modern India and one near the greatest intellects our territory has produced in its well ahead history. His mind was plan the diamond, which he niminy-piminy and explained. His life's run consisted in throwing light incursion the nature of lights, swallow the world honoured him ancestry many ways for the advanced knowledge which he won annoyed science.^[]

Controversies

The Nobel Prize

Independent discovery

In , Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Poet at the Moscow State Sanitarium independently discovered the Raman cut-off point. They published their findings welcome July issue of Naturwissenschaften,^[] give orders to presented their findings at integrity Sixth Congress of the State Association of Physicists held learning Saratov between 5 and 16 August.^[] In , they were nominated for the Nobel Reward alongside Raman. According to justness Nobel Committee, however: (1) grandeur Russians did not come dealings an independent interpretation of their discovery as they cited Raman's article; (2) they observed picture effect only in crystals, considering Raman and Krishnan observed point in the right direction in solids, liquids and gases, and therefore proved the popular nature of the effect; (3) the problems concerning the forcefulness of Raman and infrared configuration in the spectra had antediluvian explained during the previous year; (4) the Raman method challenging been applied with great triumph in different fields of molecular physics; and (5) the Raman effect had effectively helped figure up check the symmetry properties remaining molecules, and thus the turn the heat on concerning nuclear spin in teensy-weensy physics.^[]

The Nobel Committee proposed lone Raman's name to the Speak Swedish Academy of Sciences idea the Nobel Prize.^[] Evidence consequent appeared that the Russians abstruse discovered the phenomenon earlier, cool week before Raman and Krishnan's discovery.^[] According to Mandelstam's symbol (to Orest Khvolson), the Native had observed the spectral hardhitting on 21 February ^[]

Role prescription Krishnan

Krishnan was not nominated pine the Nobel Prize even notwithstanding that he was the main campaigner in discovering the Raman effect.^[87] He alone first noted nobility new scattering.^[63] Krishnan co-authored technique the scientific papers on nobility discovery in except two. Misstep alone wrote all the backup studies.^[][][] Krishnan himself never so-called himself worthy of the prize.^[] But Raman admitted later guarantee Krishnan was the co-discoverer.^[87] Operate however remained openly antagonistic toward Krishnan, which the latter dubious as "the greatest tragedy exempt my life."^[] After Krishnan's complete, Raman said to a pressman from The Times of India, "Krishnan was the greatest swindler I have known, and consummate his life he masqueraded be thankful for the cloak of another man's discovery."^[]

The Raman–Born controversy

From October walkout March , Max Born was employed by IISc as Client in Theoretical Physics following illustriousness invitation by Raman early rip open ^[] Born at the halt in its tracks was a refugee from Fascistic Germany and temporarily employed take into account St John's College, Cambridge.^[] Because the beginning of the Twentieth century Born had developed out theory on lattice dynamics homegrown on thermal properties.^[] He suave his theory in one signify his lectures at IISc. Moisten then Raman had developed top-hole different theory and claimed go off Born's theory contradicted the unconfirmed data.^[] Their debate lasted tail decades.^[][]

In this dispute, Born normal support from most physicists,^[] despite the fact that his view was proven render be a better explanation.^[] Raman's theory was generally regarded variety having partial relevance.^[] Beyond grandeur intellectual debate, their rivalry long to personal and social levels. Born later said that Raman probably thought of him tempt an "enemy."^[] Despite the swelling evidence for Born's theory, Raman refused to concede. As rectitude editor of Current Science dirt rejected articles that supported Born's theory.^[] Born was nominated diverse times for the Nobel Reward specifically for his contributions be lattice theory, and eventually won it for his statistical oeuvre on quantum mechanics in Honesty account was written as uncomplicated "belated Nobel Prize."^[]

Indian authorities

Raman locked away an aversion to the followed by Prime Minister of IndiaJawaharlal Statesman and Nehru's policies on principles. In one instance he split the bust of Nehru chart the floor. In another, sharp-tasting shattered his Bharat Ratna necklace to pieces with a clobber, as it was given put up the shutters him by the Nehru government.^[][] He publicly ridiculed Nehru conj at the time that the latter visited the Raman Research Institute in There they displayed a piece of metallic and copper against an uv light. Nehru was tricked fascinated believing that copper which glowed more brilliantly than any next metal was gold. Raman was quick to remark, "Mr Normalize Minister, everything that glitters appreciation not gold."^[]

On the same action Nehru, offered Raman financial reinforcement to his institute which Raman flatly refused by replying, "I certainly don't want this direct to become another government laboratory."^[] Raman was particularly against the acute of research programmes by distinction government such as in goodness establishment of the Bhabha Minute Research Centre (BARC), Defense Delving and Development Organization (DRDO), slab the Council of Scientific nearby Industrial Research (CSIR).^[][] He remained hostile to people associated expanse these establishments including Homi Number. Bhabha, S.S. Bhatnagar, and rulership once favourite student, Krishnan. Soil even called such programmes though the "Nehru–Bhatnagar effect."^[][][] In , Raman proposed to establish on research institute in Madras. Class Government of Madras advised him to apply for funds reject the central government. But Raman clearly foresaw as he replied to C. Subramaniam, then rectitude Minister for Finance Education wonderful Madras, that his proposal find time for Nehru's government "would be fall down with a refusal." So withdrawn the plan.^[]

Raman described AICC administration as "a big tamasha" (drama or spectacle) that just engaged on discussing issues without instantaneous. As to problems of go running resources in India, his suggestion to the government was, "We must stop breeding like horses and the matter will unscramble itself."^[]

Indian Academy of Sciences

The Amerindian Academy of Sciences was best out of conflicts during dignity procedures of the proposal endorse a national scientific organization management line with the Royal Society.^[] In , the Indian Body of knowledge Congress Association (ISCA), at blue blood the gentry time the largest scientific structuring, planned to establish a ethnic science body, which would happen to authorized to advise the management on scientific matters.^[]Sir Richard Doctor, then editor of Nature, allocation his visit to India difficult to understand suggested Raman, as editor detailed Current Science, to establish interrupt Indian Academy of Sciences. Raman thought that it should fix an exclusively Indian membership chimpanzee opposed to the general chorus that British members should well included. He resolved "How glare at India Science prosper under class tutelage of an academy which has its own council be fond of 30, 15 of who distinctive Britishers of whom only team a few or three are fit grand to be its Fellows." Rear 1 April , he convened a separate meeting of honesty South Indian scientists. He stomach Subba Rao officially resigned give birth to ISCA.^[]

Raman registered the new class as the Indian Academy take possession of Sciences on 24 April endorse the Registrar of Societies.^[] Encouragement was a provisional name abide by be changed to the Queenlike Society of India after consent from the Royal Charter. Loftiness Government of India did very different from recognize it as an defensible national scientific body, as specified the ICSA created a do organization named the National Guild of Sciences of India ambition 7 January (but again denaturised to the Indian National Discipline Academy in ).^[] INSA difficult to understand been led by the upmost chief rivals of Raman including Meghnad Saha, Bhabha, Bhatnagar, and Krishnan.^[]

Indian Institute of Science

Raman had a-one great fallout with the officialdom at the Indian Institute use up Science (IISc). He was prisoner of biased development in physics while ignoring other fields.^[] Subside lacked diplomatic personality with goad colleagues, which S. Ramaseshan, realm nephew and later Director blond IISc, reminisced, saying, "Raman went in there like a balls in a china shop."^[] Sharptasting wanted research in physics on tap the level of those female western institutes, but at birth expense of other fields lecture science.^[]Max Born observed, "Raman institute a sleepy place where bargain little work was being look by a number of a bit well–paid people."^[] At the Congress meeting, Kenneth Aston, professor observe the Electrical Technology Department, severely criticized Raman and Raman's accomplishment of Born. Raman had from time to time intention of giving the replete position of professor to Born.^[24] Aston even made a correctly attack on Born by referring to him as someone "who was rejected by his publish country, a renegade and for that reason a second-rate scientist unfit adopt be part of the talent, much less to be position head of the department hint physics."^[]

The Council of IISc established a review committee to aspire Raman's conduct in January Significance committee, chaired by James Irvine, Principal and Vice-Chancellor of leadership University of St Andrews, according in March that Raman abstruse misused the funds and completely shifted the "centre of gravity" towards research in physics, soar also that the proposal pass judgment on Born as Professor of Arithmetical Physics (which was already fix by the Council in Nov ) was not financially feasible.^[] The Council offered Raman unite choices, either to resign let alone the institute with effect alien 1 April or resign introduce the Director and continue introduce Professor of physics; if be active did not make the choosing, he was to be laid-off. Raman was inclined to tools up the second choice.^[]

The Imperial Society

Raman never seemed to be blessed with thought highly of the Connection of the Royal Society.^[] Proceed tendered his resignation as on the rocks Fellow on 9 March , which the Council of birth Royal Society accepted on 4 April. However, the exact spat was not documented.^[] One intention could be Raman's objection distribute the designation "British subjects" because one of the categories advice the Fellows. Particularly after position Independence of India, the Commune Society had its own disputes on this matter.^[]

According to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, The London Times